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سال هفدهم شماره 82 (فروردین 1399)

Problem Statement: 

Designing cities without the participation of the people will provide a passive, inhuman and boring city whose citizens will be indifferent to the future of the city. Therefore, given the complexity of contemporary cities and the inefficiency of traditional methods, providing appropriate methods and tools for better communication, co-operation and collaboration between experts and residents of a metropolitan area seems necessary.

The concept of citizenship participation is directly related to the concept of democracy, and its importance becomes evident when the active citizen is manifested in the city and the development of the city is achieved through cooperation and participation of people. In this case, the citizen is considered to be anactor who actively tries to determine his / her fate and attains a desirable status, and the future of the city is considered important to him / her. This can be the ultimate goal of a participant-oriented city, and it is important to note that this concept should be applied to the urban design process and programs.

The present research has a theoretical-practical structure. To answer the research concern, the “analytical-adaptive” method has been used to analyze the opinions of the people and experts and to adapt to the principles and process of urban design. Also, it has used direct methods, indirect methods, group engagement and mental storms to take advantage of public participation.

The results of the research indicate that in general the opinions of experts and people who use an urban place can be different, coordinated and sometimes contradictory. Therefore, the important thing is the right to express oneself by all users and actors of a place. An urban design expert as a catalyst can accelerate and facilitate this process. This research presents a model in the form of a study of the Heravi Square, a process for designing urban space with the participation of people and experts and in terms of collaborative participatory design methods. This process consists of three main stages: (1) public information, (2) design workshops, (3) feedback. Keywords: Collaborative Urban Design, Collaborative Partnerships, Public information, Feedback, Heravi Square.

Problem Statement:

 There are unknown capacities in a photograph that is far closer to what happened in reality than to literary and historical narratives. If the spatial knowledge of photography and their interpretation enhanced civilization, hidden facts behind the photograph could partially attain. The Iran-Iraq War is one of the critical events in Iranian society, with the numerous non-professional pictures that can help read the events and occurrences of the war.

The Iran-Iraq War is one of the critical events in Iranian society numerous non-professional photographs of which can help to give an objective reading of what has happened because primarily the field of science and in this research, the science of history deals with actual matters. Overall, this research intended to assess the narration and reliability of remnant photographs of these events in the compilation of history by examining the role and position of non-professional photography in the Iran-Iraq war. A turn of events made the site of “Valfajr Moghadamati” operation a holy place; a holiness in the formation and proof of the truth of which, non-professional photographs played a significant role more than any other technology.

This research is based on a critical discourse analysis method with a Fairclough‏ approach (in particular) which limits the term discourse to sign systems such as text and image, and by taking photographs as text, presents a specific and unique narrative of “Valfajr Moghadamati”.

In the collection of studied photographs, the “other” or the Ba’ath enemy did not have a significant presence. In these photographs, there was a view of friendship and social relations that was fundamentally different from the anti-enemy discourse as the prevailing discourse in in-war societies. There is no need for an anti-enemy dialogue. The Ashura behaviors have made this ritual event into an event that has produced a different narrative than the government’s story.

Problem statement:

 There are many evidences which show that the relationship between Tehran City and the Alborz mountain ranges is not favorable. Evidences also indicate that the city of Tehran and its people cannot benefit well from blessings and capacities of the northern mountains. Studies on the relationship between Tehran City and Alborz also show that residents of Tehran have become indifferent to Alborz Mountains. The authors of the present study argue that in difference of inhabitants of Tehran to the surrounding mountains has not happened all at once. With the loss of the mountain’s functions over time, this very important natural element has been diminished in the minds of people. Considering multidimensionality of the issue, one of the ways to examine this subject is examining it from the viewpoint of experts.

This study sought to explain the reasons for this undesirable relationship through the lens of experts. In this study, thematic analysis method was used to analyze the results obtained from semi-structured interviews with an exploratory approach with experts.

According to hierarchical classification of results, four main theme emerged:(a) the reduction of mental and semantic status of the mountain; (b) incorrect understanding of the mountain and its capacities; (c) objective and physical approach to the mountain; and (d) cultural issues; also the eleven sub-themes were (a) advent of religion; (b) advent of technology; (c) advent of modernity; (d) planning system; (e) partial and merely environmental view of the mountain; (f) economic approaches; (g) mountain accessibility; (h) changes in people’s lifestyle; (i) changes in epistemological model of people; (j) people’s common beliefs; and (k) reduction of people’s belonging, which fall under the main themes.

Problem statement: 

The urban view area’s extent is an arena for the classification of Tehran’s governmental and non-governmental squares creating different similarities and dissimilarities in this regard. The analysis of the similarities and dissimilarities can reveal the special and general properties of Tehran’s governmental and non-governmental squares in the urban view area. The comparative study can provide a solution for analyzing the quality and the origins of the differences between Tehran’s governmental and non-governmental squares in the urban view extent even with the existence of similarities. Adopting landscape-based approaches, the other researchers of the urban view areas have not so far made use of a comparative study in regard to Tehran’s squares.

The present study has made use of a qualitative research method andit is applied research in terms of objectives. The present research paper has for the first time investigated Tehran’s governmental and non-governmental squares in the area of urban view based on a comparative research method. The study was, on the one hand, based on the library data and it was, on the other hand, drawn on the field data. Thus, after obtaining the data, the various forms and shapes used in the architectural structures and façades have been compared in terms of the arrangement at one another’s side in longitudinal and transversal proportions and the effects of these shapes have been obtained for the squares’ facades.

The present study is aimed at analyzing the quality and the origins of the differences and similarities created in the area of urban view.

The performed analyses made it clear that the systems forming the square stemmed from the proportions between the dimensions and levels of the openings, positioning of them and façade’s geometry, which was per se influenced by the squares’ positioningand function. Although these systems may have undergone changes in the course of the history of Iranian squares, their contents have lasted till the several recent decades and can be applied as a collection of designing indices by the landscape architects and urban engineers.

Problem statement: 

Surprise, shame and guilt are considered to be human emotions. Reactions to these emotions are subject to biological and cultural issues. Looking at the Iranian art and literature in the context of history, it seems that one of the reactions of amazed and regretful people in the Iranian culture has been angosht gazidan, as it can be found numerously in ancient Iranian texts, ancient poetry, and painting. Since this reaction can only be seen in the cultural history of Iran, it should be attributed to the specific culture of Iranians.

The objective of this research is to find the historical course of angosht gazidan in Iranian literature and painting and examine whether this reaction has been derived from the behavioral reaction of Iranians.

 Research method:

This research applies the descriptive-historical method by reviewing library sources and documents to study the term angosht gazidan in ancient Persian literature and painting. It is tried to select and study at least one literary and artistic sample related to the subject from each century. The sample will be compared to the biographies of travelers about the behavior of Iranians who visited Iran during these years in an emotional state to find out whether the gesture is a literary figure or a behavioral reaction.

Angosht gazidan is merely a literary term. It has never had any real manifestation in the Iranian society. None of the travelers who wrote about Iran and Iranian culture in the context of history have mentioned this reaction in their behavior. The poet has benefited from this metonymy for exaggeration and its beauty. This has made it inclusive throughout the Iranian literature. The association between Iranian literature and painting has led to the depiction of this gesture and its objective presentation in the painting.

Problem statement:

 Squares and streets of a city are the main parts of the public spaces that are considered the showroom of the visual environment of a city. In the past, buildings in addition to being beautiful, they had been accommodated with their background, and with respect to the surrounding environment. Today, the view of many Iranian cities is chaotic and disturbed and this is a result of the heterogeneous and disoriented association of form, activity and space on a large scale, and on small scale, it is due to the lack of harmony and proportionality in the composition of elements of the buildings that are formed together.

The purpose of this study was to extract the effective factors on the promotion of formal aesthetics of urban facades and their application in redesigning of Enqelab street facade in Sanandaj- between Namaki junction and Enqelab square- that is located in the historical context and the Primary core of Sanandaj. Since this research seeks to apply the available basic knowledge, belongs to the field of applied research, and as this research attempts to apply some criteria for the measurement and analysis of the environmental quality, it is considered as descriptive-analytic research.

This research tries to acquire a deep understanding of the current state of the area in order to redesign and reinforce the form of urban facades. To achieve this goal, the research process has been carried out in 3 stages: First, we examine theories related to urban aesthetics, then identify the components of the urban landscape and explain the physical goal, and in the 3rd stage a parametric model for the measurement and analysis of visual quality in the urban landscape is presented.

The results of this research will be presented as a guideline for enhancing visual aesthetics of urban landscape design.