نشریه پژوهش های ادبیات تطبیقی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 23، بهار 1399)

According to critics and experts in the field of myth, "Achilles" or "Achilles" is the most immense Greek mythological hero in the Trojan War. Humorous, the oldest and most famous Greek epic, in his book The Iliad, the most comprehensive epic version of the West and the Greeks, is the story of this myth and his adventures in the Trojan War. This book has had tremendous effects on the cultural and literary communities of the West and the East. In the same vein, some contemporary Arab poets, like Suleiman Al-Bustani (1856), Mahmoud Darwish (1941), and Abdul Aziz Al-Maqalah (1937), have often been influenced by Iliad Homer, calling this myth. The purpose of this article is to critique and evaluate the effects of the presence of the myth of "Achilles" in the poetry of the poets, based on Pierre Brunel's theory and how to apply it in their poetry. The research achievement, which has been written with a descriptive-analytical method, shows that the Achilles myth in the poetry of some named, such as Darwish, and the articles that are poets of the generation of screaming and catastrophic events and defeat in Arab lands, The mission of a war hero on the battlefield of Troj, as a sinner and political ambassador among Arab nations, is that the emancipation of contemporary human beings from pain and suffering is political-social.

Iranian familiarity with western poem dates back to the early 14th solar century. After September 1941, the translation of western works into Persian language became more and more popular due to prosperity in book and magazine market in Iran. Among the fields that were translated into Persian since then, was contemporary poem of French. Thus, many Iranian poets studied and translated French poem works. Ahmad Shamloo is one of the poets who read the poets of many French poets and translated some of them due to familiarity with French language and has been influenced by them. French poet, Paul Éluard, is one of those who has influenced Shamloo, the matter confessed by Shamloo. In the present paper, based on a comprative approach, it has been tried to analyze Shamloo’s impressionability from Éluard in the level of poem form and to decode its different types. The results obtained from this paper are as follows: Shamloo is influenced by Éluard at the level of vocabulary, syntax combinations, conjunctions, repetition, special use of adjective and adverb in the poem music, ellipsis and the style of the poem start. The impressionability is not in a way that we consider Shamloo as a mere imitator, but he has turned the structures of Eluard poem into Persian by his mastery, and has mixed with the ones of classic Persian texts and created his own special role.

Belonging to the binary opposition man/nature, nature is a common subject in world literature. Ecocriticism, interdisciplinary study of the relationship between human beings and the environment, provides literary criticism with a fresh approach to literature. Although a significant number of theoretical and practical works have been published in the field of ecocriticism, just a few works have so far employed a comparative ecoctitical approach. The present paper employing such a comparative approach is groundbreaking in Iranian academia in that such a comparative study has not yet been published in Persian. Contemporary Persian poet, Sohrab Sepehri frequently referred to nature in his poetry. American poet and philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson employed nature as a subject of his works. Since nature is an important subject for the two figures, employing a comparative ecocritical approach will shed light on their works. Even though employing nature led to similarities, Sepehri’s approach toward nature is significantly different from that of Emerson.

One of the most widely used stylistic techniques is the comparison of similar literary works in different historical periods. The result of these similarities and differences will be the mystery of the poet's superiority to the other, as well as the level of linguistic, historical and cultural influences on the literary text. With a quick look at Indian poetry and Isfahani style, one can clearly understand the increasing tendency of their creators to apply poetry techniques and techniques to their predecessors. Techniques and instruments that, in different aspects (form and content), distort the speech on the language chain from the standard and standard language and its proximity to the language of poetry and poetry. In this regard, determining the style of a poet is to identify and identify the same tools and techniques in frequency that vary from poet to poet. Accordingly, it should be noted that the main difference between the style of Isfahan and Indian style poets in the poet's approach to poetry of these times is poetry and common themes of the literary (motiv) themes in the common Iraqi style in Iran. Biddle strives to end the style of Hindi not influenced by Isfahan's style (impact anxiety theory); Such an approach is less intense against the Iraqi style poets and is more intense than the likes of Saeb.

Comparative literature is a kind of interdisciplinary research study and it is a branch of history of literature which considers historical and literal relations between two or among several national literatures. This study comparatively considers the objectification of female characters in Suvashun written by Simin Daneshvar and a change of heart ( la modification) by Michel Butor. The main character of Suvashun is Zari, which is a woman of family And this dependence makes her timid and obedient and takes the subjectivity away from her. From the beginning of the story she is in fluctuation between fear and bravery until the moment when her husband is assassinated and then she decided to be brave and remove her objectification. In Change of heart, Cecile and Henriette are the two women who suffer from the imposed objectification in the mind of the main character mr Leon Delmon and until the end of the story this objectification lasts. Leon Delmon wants his wife as a lady who manages his house affairs and his beloved as a lady to promenade with her in Rome. The results of the present study showed that female characters of these two novels suffer from objectification. In change of heart there is no way for them to be free from objectification while in Suvashun there exist a possibility for the female character to be free from objectification and her subjectivity is developed at the end.

New historicism refers to an approach that does not accept history as the historians convey. This approach mostly is based on the ideas of the American professor, Stephen Greenblatt, in the eighties of the twentieth century. According to Greenblatt, new historicism presents a new reading of the text, not a school of criticism. New historicism investigates the multilateral relations of the literary works with other texts including the historical ones to clarify their inter-textual and extra-textual aspects. New historicism inspects the relations of power and cultural, social, and ideological constructs. From the new historicist point of view, there is no difference between literary and non-literary texts. The present paper attempts to examine The Silence of the Sea to reveal the author’s and the history’s influence in creating the literary work. With the help of Greenblatt and Foucault views, inter-textual factors such as power relations as the main context are studied in the paper as well.

Ferdowsi and Shakespeare in their works deal with didactic teachings. Both poets mirror nature and consider human happiness depending on respect for the moral virtues, and strive to strengthen the teaching and ethos of moral points. Shakespeare has used every opportunity to express the teachings of education. In all its tragedies he has used elements of education. Shakespeare’s human outlook towards ethical issues is clear. Some of these teachings are expressed through the plots and characters on different occasions. This paper studies the result of moral values and its educational functions. The most important doctrine of education in the Ferdowsy and Shakespeare is condemnation of avarice and ambitions. Macbeth is a Scottish captain who kills the king in order to usurp the throne. Shakespeare shows the result of greed is the destruction of soul and its good qualities. In the end, the victory is with the good in the duality of good and evil. Both deal with two commanders who rebel against kings and bring about their own fall. Both are told by supernatural forces that they are destined to rule. their difference is that Bahram is a good commander while Macbeth turns evil.