مجله پژوهش های اخلاقی
سال دهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 39، بهار 1399)

Judicial authority is the most effective power that ensures the security and comfort of the people by enforcing the law and trust-building among people. In any stage, judicial authority has given the glory to a government and peace and security to its community and nation and One of the most important and influential areas in strengthening judicial authority, which has remained somewhat Neglected in a community, is the moral standards of the nation, because the human qualities and cultivation and self-perfection of the soul are shaped in the light of morality, With some thoughtfulness, we find that law and ethics are inextricably linked, therefore, Kant, a prominent moral scientist after the Renaissance in Europe, tells people in his moral command:"Behave in a manner that your character is as the basis for global legislation." On the ethics, one of the main slogans of the Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) was:"I have been designated as a prophet to perfect the moral standards."
If ethical virtues were strengthened in the society people, what we will witness in our society, include of courage, trust, ruth, kindness, good posture, patience, devotion, honesty in the deal, and so on.These and other good ethical traits play an important role in judicial authority, because one of the causes of crime, which ultimately ties to judicial authority, is ethical vices such as bullying, lying, betrayal, greed and oppression

The quality of human life during this time of his life in this world and in the end is always influenced by your deeds and deeds and speeches. Karma means to act and the result of act that is influenced by human wants and instincts is seen in later life. By understanding Karma, one can justify the present situation and prevent future births in the future. In order to get a good karma, you have to follow Dharma and gaining knowledge leads to the destruction of the karma. With the exception of Cārvāka, all Hindu systems agree more or less with Karma's theory. Everything is under the control of the Karmic law but this law is independent of divine will in sāṃkhya and Mīmāṃsā, and in the Buddhist and Jain religions, the gods are also influenced by the law of karma

One of the criminological aims of the criminal is to target social reform and train the offender, in addition to reducing the effects of crime. Experience has also shown that it is more than just the size and weight of the upper body that has the unpleasant consequences of unnecessary, unnecessary, unnecessary consequences. Therefore, the criminal justice system, by adopting an auspicious penal policy in light crimes, in addition to reducing the density of criminal cases, increasing the time of judges to handle more precise cases, reducing the number of criminal cases, reducing the burden on the government. And refusing to be labeled in the first place has been ethical and educational orientation and social reform. In this descriptive-analytic article, we discuss what constitutes impunity in Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic law and its relation to ethics and personal education and social reform

Semi-liberal system is derived from individualizing crime principle that advocates reducing prison’s criminal population by giving criminals part-time liberty along with constant supervision. Besides emphasizing on making criminal justice to be a contractual based on mutual agreement, this method maintains consistency of felons’ family and also it has plan for amending criminal gradually. Considering the popularity of law-oriented culture and providing modern theories, prison has been introduced as a punishment. Accordingly, various legal systems adopted some affairs in order to reduce negative and destroying effect of prison and apply it only for punishing the criminal without hurting his family. In this paper, it was considered, regarding respond to the crime, what semi-liberal application is and what place this system has in criminal policy. Semi-liberal system is an institution that can be considered according to task-oriented and benefit-oriented perspective by focusing on crime justification. In other word, criminal policy of modern systems used this system for punishing and amending criminals with the least distance from the community and highest benefit for the society. Iran’s criminal law system assigned a specific part of Islamic criminal law acted in 2013 to this new criminal institution. In this study, authors attempted to explain semi-liberal system and evaluated its different features in Iran criminal policy

In the recent years, while scientific production and the number of high educational institutes have been increased in Iran, the spreading of immoral behaviors in conducting research has been threatening all of the research-driven institutions, in particular, department for curriculum studies and educational innovations, as a part of the research institute for education. This study was conducted in order to formulate ethics in research of department for curriculum studies and educational innovations. This essay was done through a Qualitative approach by focused group discussions and face to face interviews. The collected date from focused group discussions sessions was analyzed by thematic content analysis method. The analysis led to two core categories including the researcher’s ethical personality and ethical principles of research. The former consists of humility, patience, cultural sensitivity, and collaboration. The latter has nine subcategories including the benefits of research, academic integrity, observing the colleague rights, observing the rights of participants, avoid of plagiarism, publication of obtained data, writing the report in a simple way, critic’s acceptance and scientific criticism. In conclusion, the obtained date by this research is able to play a role in making moral decisions regarding research and creating a confident and respectful atmosphere among the institution users. Furthermore, it has the capability to be used as a base for further discussions and also developing the culture of ethical personality

The complexities of social relationships in today's world complicate the way crimes are committed, and the discovery of complex crimes requires sophisticated and technical tools, and the traditional, long-standing method can not answer all the needs of society to detect crime. Nanotechnology, like other scientific fields, has also entered criminal science, and has been widely used to identify and assess the evidence and evidence gathered in the crime scene. Nanotechnology can be effective in preventing and detecting offenders due to its abundant capabilities in detecting and detecting the exact and rapid effects of crime. Using this technology in DNA detection and fingerprinting can provide new and scientific solutions for detecting and improving hidden effects containing DNA and fingers that will otherwise be unidentified. Today, the scope of criminal police activities is wider by utilizing the most advanced equipment and facilities for biotechnology and nano technology. Today, the use of electron microscopes, nano-sensors, biological sensors and various methods of nasal sputum has become commonplace in accredited police criminal laboratories, and the true discovery The crime remains the slightest ambiguity, with the advent of nanotechnology.

The present study aimed to Identification and validation of ethical principles and professional conduct of lawyers according to clients. In this investigation, two methods of documentary and survey analysis have been used. The research community consists of: (a) Books, references, and written and electronic resources in the field of law and attorney, which were reviewed in order to achieve the ethics and ethical codes of conduct of the attorneys at law; b) The second group consists of clients (those who have selected at least one time an attorney at the law) in Ardebil province. The sample society was 50 persons who were randomly selected from among the individuals referred to the courts in Ardebil, Meshkinshahr and Parsabad cities, which had a judicial case and attorney case. Data collectio tools were a form of taking notes and a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the Cronbach's alpha formula was 0.83. To analyze the data obtained from the texts, qualitative and cognitive analysis was used to analyze the data from the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including one sample t-test were used. The results of the investigation showed that the most important ethics of attorneys include: observance of the limits of powers in the court, not disturb in the court session, pursuit the prosecution, honesty, protection of the clients' secrets, non-use of immoral ways, explicit declaration and clarity of the lawer' Honorarium

International investment law and substantive and procedural rules for dispute settlement through arbitration mechanism is under experience and evaluation. Theoretical reasoning and procedure play an important role in this process. One of the issues raised in this field of law is the possibility of considering international human rights as part of the governing law, and consequently considering human rights obligations for both contracting parties of the investment agreement. Given that human rights commitments often do not meet the economic interests of both parties, they are likely to be ignored and neglected. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss how to monitor the human rights act of international investment parties. One solution to meet this need is to pay attention to the oversight exercised those who are outside the investment contract or the third party to the contract. In this study, considering the theoretical and procedural justifications, the present conditions of the possibility of a third party entry into an investment dispute is examined from a human rights standpoint

Verdict practice is the continuation of the trial process; therefore its unnecessary stoppage is both does not make sense and against the policy-maker will, and leads to nothing but indiscipline and chaos in the society. In this end, non-stoppage of verdict practice in Iran with some specific legal cases has been accepted as a principle. The domain of this principle, in terms of time span, is after the certainty of verdict and the announcement of the verdict until its full practice and the end of the practice process, and in terms of objective, includes the issued judicial verdicts by the judicial courts or any other resources with civic features.The agreements are not included in this domain except indispensable agreements such as demand supply and preliminary order. The effects can be seen on practicing parties, third parties, officials, agents and judges of verdict practice, which has been mentioned in various laws with penal practice guarantee and civic responsibility. High speed and effectiveness of verdict practice, respect to the rights of both parties, observing the view of the wining party, observing the interests and the rights of the losing party are among the advantages of this principle

The P & I Club's maritime insurance industry is relatively unknown to most insurance companies, and it is very effective in most companies that have accepted this and have supported and represented these maritime clubs in Iran. The impact of the economic and political problems of relationships Insurance companies have grown abundantly with this club. Insurance coverage often leads to over-consumption of care by insured persons. Commerce that is insured does not pay more attention to the materials, and this causes the loss of lost salary due to collision and shipwreck, and it can count, and this is a moral and legal vacuum in the definition and Interpretation of contractual agreements of insurance companies. From a theoretical point of view, the insurer and the insurer have the right to ask about the need for additional services and negotiate to obtain lower payments. Therefore, investigation and recognition of the effects of legal and ethical mechanisms in advancement of the goals of the insurance industry of the P & I Club of the Marine Region in order to observe and prevent the ill-fatedness of insurance companies and its consequences in compensating for damages and the adverse effects of insurers' The insurer, in line with sound and sound contractual policies, and the transparency of the matters specified in the contract, are necessary to improve the quality and service and the prospect of commercial transportation in the sea. Inspections indicate that in the contracts of carriage Maritime transportation There are legal and moral void in the country, and they are strong and efficient. It is also necessary to use the results of this research and the similar research used in this field to address the ethical and legal problems involved in advancing macroeconomic policies of the insurance industry with the statutory regulatory guarantee management strategies, with legal measures to promote Quality - The availability of contractual information and insurance - Observance of insurance policies will prevent barriers. Therefore, this solution is based on the description and analysis of issues and the resources developed by the library method, which hopes to extend the boundaries of the maritime insurance industry to broader commercial areas.

This research investigates the role of auditors' social and professional liability insurance on the risk of reputation and quality of audit using the Delphi approach. One way to eliminate risk is to transfer risk, and since auditors may face some risks for various reasons, such as failures, professional liability insurance is at stake for them. This study was conducted using a Delphi approach based on 95 questionnaires completed by the auditors in 2018. Using by Structural Equations the results of the first hypothesis showed that independent auditors consider social and professional liability insurance to reduce the risk of their reputation and there is a negative and significant relationship between social insurance and professional liability insurance and the risk of auditors' reputation. The association with the second hypothesis of the results showed that social and professional liability insurance would reduce audit quality

Writing of present research aims to investigate strategies in the course of reducing black record of crimes against children and to discover and reveal such offences in terms of their vulnerability. This study has been conducted using descriptive- analytical method and by means of librarian references. The conducted studies about this topic may interpret that due to some various reasons, the victimized children may not report the offences perpetrated against their own and as a consequence not only have not they been supported by what anticipated in law, but also they are undergone double injuries by secondary and repeated victimization. The child victims, who are called as ‘silent victims’ and or ‘suffering in silence’, should have potential to reflect the offences perpetrated on them and led to breach their rights in order to enjoy criminal supports and otherwise. Thus, it has been tried in this paper to display image of requisite for culture-building and public sensitivity to recognize basic rights for children and to report the infringement cases of such rights as well as their right of expression of victimization and right of hearing (in the court) in order to break silence in children and also to acquire trust from the victimized children in criminal justice system through providing some facilities in proceeding process. Such measures result in further discovery and revealing of crimes against children

One of the major concerns in human societies that has always been the focus of attention of humanities and social scientists, is the existence of a society with moral activists. According to the Stets' theory, moral identity guides behavior and therefor it is important to know the factors that affect it. Accordingly, the purpose of this article was to study the impact of the variable of religious capital on moral identity.
To investigate this relationship, the required data were collected using a survey method and questionnaire and a sample of 546 citizens of Isfahan aged over 15 by Quota Sampling proportional to volume based on age, gender and region of residence.
The findings of the study showed that the score of moral identity and its dimensions as well as religious capital is higher than the average.
In addition, the variable of religious capital explains 29% of variance of moral identity variable. Therefore, it can be said that the variable of religious capital has a high level of explanation of variance of moral identity variable.

Violating social rights and disrupting social order will make the community more responsive to a distracting person. This reaction has long been the practice of punishment in most criminal systems. As we know, pursuit of a specific purpose in the execution of punishments is that of educating and reforming offenders and their socialization, and it has been proved on the basis of experience that the justice system Criminalization alone can not achieve this goal. As a result, criminal policymakers have recognized the range of criminal policy tools (from discounts to elimination or repeated punitive actions and criminal non-criminal actions) to enforce this goal, as denials. If so far the theories and foundations of criminal law have been attempting to justify criminal, criminal and retaliatory interventions, we now need some other theories and foundations to justify non-custodial intervention because the current evolution of criminal law is towards the elimination of criminality, mild The punishment and distribution of punishment among legal systems is aimed at protecting the basic rights and freedoms of citizens on the one hand and on the other hand, the ultimate goal of punishment is to be trained. In this article, it has been tried to provide justification for the necessity of extending this process by referring to the grounds for punishment, including the philosophical, criminological, and economic foundations

In safavih era، religious scientists - as deputies of expected Imam - got supernatural power and influence. They with sages that habitually had also Compilations on some lawful science، had tendency whit mysticism. At the same era، historical antecedent of Kashan in Shiite religion، was Caused special attention of Safavih governors to this city: Scientific and Literary societies promoted and attracted speakers and poets from around of country.
By promoting Shiite in ninth century، the number of Sufis dynasty were being added. Sufi safavieh and Nematollahieh dynasty and Noorbakhshieh sect were been effective factors of Shiite promotion.
This essay is for introduction of thoughts and works Mohammad - Ibn Soltan Mohammad Aradabili - Known and pen name to Mohaghegh Shiite scientist and mystic of A.H eleventh century. He is follower Ghazi Asad Ghohpaee and attributed to Noorbakhshieh sect. By witness of his works، his religious face has priority than other faces and his thought domination is on divine law and maintenance and observance of rules: However، meanwhile expressing pure religious debates، he doesn’t neglect mentioning principles and rules of Sufism. His Sufism rarely has a tendency with taste and composes quatrain almost attractive. Compiler، Sometime، resort to philosophical terms for proving his opinions but there isn’t special philosophical method

(Premium Unification of the employer's contribution rate guild in the social security organization to support Iranian production)
There is a link between the right and the duty in the social security system, that is to say, every one has the right to be in charge of it..
The right to social security has been recognized as a fundamental right in order to safeguard the interests of individuals in the individual and social spheres against governments, they are also responsible for implementing this right
Islamic Republic of Iran has been formulated in three layers the the social security system in of Of insurance, support, and assistance The social security organization is one of the organizations that plays a fundamental role in the insurance strategy and in the part of the participatory system by paying the premium to the share of employers, workers, and the share of contributions by the government in implementing Article Principle 29 of the Constitution has a fundamental role.
The Law on Employee Benefit Exemption has been approved by the employer for 5 people in 1362to support manufacturing, technical and industrial workshops in order to support domestic production, although the number of workshops is reduced every day The purpose of this paper is to express the right and duty for eliminating discrimination, protecting the domestic economy and Premium Unification the premium rate in all workshops.