فصلنامه توسعه کارآفرینی
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 46، زمستان 1398)

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the promotion of destination attraction for the development of medical tourism business in Iran. The research is applied in terms of objective and used exploratory mixed method. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section include academic experts in the field of medical tourism and hospital managers and in the quantitative section; foreign patients who have been admitted to treatment inTehran are considered. The 35 final components of the attractiveness of a country as a destination for medical tourism were obtained from 85 extractive components derived from literature review and similar research, and three rounds of Delphi's replication, which included eight main factors: the country of destination (operating conditions), demand conditions, competitiveness , government attitude, socio-cultural factors, information and marketing factors, factors related to treatment (services and medical facilities), and infrastructure and affiliated industries. The proposed model was verified by confirmatory factor analysis method in modeling structural equations using SmartPLS software. Priority and rank with Fuzzy AHP showed Factors related to treatment (services and medical facilities) with a weight of 0.259; Competitiveness with a weight of 0.188; and the Condition of the destination country with a weight of 0.166 among the eight

This paper investigates the effect of three personality traits, including risk taking (RTP), locus of control (LoC), and proactive personality (PP), on students' entrepreneurial intention, given the mediating role of planned behavior model (TPB). It is also the purpose of this study to examine the difference between the first group, having entrepreneurship education or previous experience (themselves or their parents), and the second group not having these characteristics. This research is a quantitative and a correlation- descriptive study. Data were collected using a questionnaire and classified random sampling. Statistical population is all students of Shahed University. In this study, Structural Equation Modeling and Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) were used in a sample of 443 individuals. The results confirmed the validity of the TPB model in predicting students' entrepreneurial intention. RTP and LoC had a direct and positive effect on entrepreneurial intention but PP did not have a significant direct effect on entrepreneurial intention. In examining the mediating effect, it was found that all three components of the TPB mediate the relationship between personality traits and intention, either partially or competitively or fully. The two groups of students also had significant differences in some relationships

Competitiveness is a tool for achieving desirable economic growth and sustainable development in every country, and if entrepreneurs are placed in a good environment, they can improve their competitive performance, so the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem will increase effective competitiveness. Entrepreneurial ecosystems are a set of factors that create environments that support innovation-driven venture capital. Therefore, this paper examines the impact of the entrepreneurship ecosystem from six dimensions of policy, finance, support, markets, human capital and culture on the competitiveness of industries. This research is an applied, descriptive-correlational. The sample consisted of 130 companies in the competitive industries selected on the basis of the Herfindahl index. Questionnaires were used for data collection and data were analyzed by SPSS26 and smartPLS software. According to the findings, the entrepreneurial ecosystem with six dimensions is effective on the competitiveness of industries

There are some people who launch a business while keeping their wage jobs which could be due to economic issues or some affordable opportunities. They are called Hybrid entrepreneurs and play a significant role in economy. This research aimed to find out whether these entrepreneurs are different from other entrepreneurs and wage-workers in terms of entrepreneurial competencies or not? Data were collected using a made questionnaire based on "Entrepreneurship Competency Model" developed by Consortium for Entrepreneurship Education. The statistical samples of this study include 142 full-time entrepreneurs, 138 hybrid entrepreneurs, and 140wage-workers, which were selected through Purposive snowball and random sampling. The results of ANOVA and Scheffe tests showed that while hybrid entrepreneurs had lower level of competency than full-time entrepreneurs in “financial management” and “risk assessment and management”, two subset of "industry-wide technical competencies" set, they have similar levels of competence in all four sets of “personal effectiveness”, "Academic", "Workplace" and "Industry-wide technical" competencies. Hybrid entrepreneurs also have advantages over wage-workers in all four sets of competencies. therefore, training to enhance these competencies can enable these entrepreneurs to transit to full-time entrepreneurship which lead to creation of empowered private firms.

The main purpose of this article is to examine the impact of access to finance on the process of entrepreneurial activity in 66 selected developing and developed countries over the period 2018–2008. The research method is applied by purpose, and by data collection, is descriptive-correlational; to this end, the research data from international statistical reports based on survey data, economic indicators and entrepreneurship rates of countries They were extracted. The modeling of the research was performed using two criteria of venture capital and bank credit as indicators of access to finance through the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach with STATA14 software. The results indicate a stronger and more positive impact of access to finance on entrepreneurial activities in developing countries. Also, bank lending to boost new and emerging entrepreneurial activity has been more acceptable than venture capital, which could be due to the bank-centric financing of entrepreneurial firms in developing countries. Account. In addition, the positive impact of understanding entrepreneurship capability as an indicator of human capital on access to finance has been another finding of the study. Therefore, policymakers, while trying to develop entrepreneurship, must simultaneously adopt policies to increase entrepreneurial capability and prioritize ease of access to finance.

The main purpose of the present study is to analyze the sociological challenges of creating social value social entrepreneurs with the Bourdieu habitual approach. Bourdieu's (1977) habitual approach was used to analyze the external challenges of creating social value for social entrepreneurs. The research method is based on objective and qualitative-narrative information gathering. The study population is all social entrepreneurs who seek to create social value or solve social problems with a level of individual analysis with more than 5 years of experience. The purposeful sampling method was conducted through 12 interviews and from the 10th interview, the researcher achieved theoretical saturation. The results show that external challenges at the productivity stage are subject to formal public and institutional considerations. Of course, the functional weakness of institutions and the interconnectedness of the public and the crystallized public participation reflect the decline in the utilization of social entrepreneurs. Also, the crystallization of the weaknesses of institutional functions and institutional participation leads to a reflection or habit of increasing internal challenge among social entrepreneurs. Keywords: Sociological analysis, External challenges, Internal challenges, Social entrepreneur, Bourdieu habit.