نشریه مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 27، پاییز و زمستان 1398)

One of the major gaps in research on the subject of sexual harassment is that there is very little information about the characteristics of sexual intruders. Sexual harassment is a conceptualized form of harassment based on gender, which has significant effects on victims. Women constitute about half of the population and face significant stress and sexual harassment on a daily basis in their lives. These lead to many psychological and sociological problems. This research provides an in-depth study of the main causes of sexual harassment that are primarily enacted by men.This research has been carried out with the quantitative method using a survey technique. The statistical population includes the males between 18 to 30 years old in Sanandaj city. Quota sampling approach was used to collect the data. In this method, the population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups based on age. Then, a subset of each segment was selected based on a specified proportion and the filled questionnaires were finally analyzed and discussed. The descriptive results from a variety of harassments including technique verbal, visual, stalking, and physical harassment shows that only 18 out of 380 people did not commit any of these harassments. Moreover, The results of the multivariate analysis (logistic regression and path analysis) indicate that among the variables included in the analysis, variables related to the individual in the analysis such as age, being Traditional, being religious, gender, and the rate of cultural consumption affect sexual harassment.

Gender equity is a controversial social issue and now with its incorporation into the Sixth Development Plan, policy-making for gender equity is essential. To this end, allocation of more resources and opportunities and implementation of affirmative action policies to achieve gender equity are not sufficient. Women's empowerment in various fields, and not just the economy and employment, is essential to sustainable development. Therefore, considering the need for agency of women in sustainable development, it is necessary to determine the indicators of gender equity and to explain the criteria in public policy to achieve gender equity in the society. The purpose of this qualitative research is to study the obstacles and challenges of policy-making based on gender equity from the perspective of experts. To this end, we collected information through semi-structured interviews with nine experts and researchers in the field of women studies and policy-making. Using qualitative content analysis technique, we categorized the data to answer the main questions of research. According to the findings of this study, the most important challenges of policy-making based on gender equity are: disagreement in defining gender equity, politicization and weakness programming, and the lack of data and statistics. The first step in policy-making based on gender equity is to identify of instance and provide a definition for gender equity.

The living of the elderly has been turned into a problematic issue affected by social, cultural and economic changes, however, this problematic is not registered in policy makings and there is not appropriate social polices associated to the elderly. The subject of the current study is observe social policies in the context of development plans after the Revolution, to discover overt and covert concepts and to understand the ways of political encounter to this emerging phenomenon. Thematic analysis technique has been selected for data analysis from among different qualitative methods. Reviewing ageing policies in Iranian development plans demonstrates the themes like “imprisoning ageing in the retirement”, “gradual withdrawal of the government , "commodification of social services” and “a propaganda for establishment of comprehensive social security system” that after all, explain the theme of "exclusion of ageing in social policy". The lack of elderly care policies, the marginalization of gender in the social policies of the elderly, the absence of active and friendly elderly policies, and the rural elderly are also political gaps. Finally, we suggest intergenerational planning for the ageing period, active and successful ageing policies, elderly-friendly urban policies, prospecting in policy-making for elderly, gender-based social support policies, and eventually, social support for vulnerable elders in social policy of elderly.

Smoking is one of the most important threatening factors of health and the most common cause of mortality in the world. One of the important strategies to controll it is the recognition of its consumption pattern among individuals. According to this necessity, the present study has identified the pattern of smoking among Tehrani citizens with a combination of quantitative (survey) and qualitative (qualitative content analysis) methodologies in form of convergence. The statistical sample consisted of two groups: the first group) 610 citizens using tobacco control programs in the non-smoking week in 22 districts of Tehran's municipality, selected by a combination of multi-stage cluster, systematic random and convenience sampling strategies. The second group) 53 experts related to «Tobacco-Free Tehran Programme», were selected by simple random sampling strategy. The findings showed that citizens have the following five main categories of tobacco smoking: heavy smoker, daily smoker, occasional smoker, ex-smoker, and never smoker/passive smoker. Smoking in Tehran expriences five mainstream including become young, become hookah, become gendered, become family, and become non-class of consumption. Also, multiple cultural (wrong culture of forgetting problems especially in adults, lack of complete and correct knowledge of consumers about the dangers of smoking), social (social pressure, fashion), psychological (relieving fatigue, avoiding sadness, smoking addiction, relieving stress, feeling magnitude and personality) and individual factors (having experience, more attractiveness) were the main reasons for smoking by citizens. The results indicate that smoking in different groups does not follow the same pattern, and depending on the structural, family and interpersonal conditions, people have different motivations to use it.

Tendency, consumption, and addiction to drugs are one of the most important social problems existing in modern society which can be evaluated from different aspects. One of the drivers of addiction and tendency to drugs is the normalization of drugs within society. Current paper studies situations in which positive attitude within the ethnic subcultures of Shahre-kord (Fars, Turk, and Bakhtiari) exists using a survey method. data has been gathered through a researcher-made questionnaire from a sample of 197. The data has been analyzed using descriptive and Inferential statistics. The result of the survey showed that about 35 percent of Respondents have used traditional or industrial drugs (mostly opium and alcoholic drinks) for some specific usages (drug therapy, amusement, addiction and …). Attitude analyze results show that although most respondents have a negative attitude toward drug abuse, 30 percent have a medium and positive attitude or have no comment. Variation analysis also showed no noticeable attitude deference among the ethnicities toward the drug abuse. In other words, different ethnicities in Shahre-kord had a similar attitude toward drug abuse.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the perception of corruption and social trust among the urban population over 30 years old in the cities Amol, Sari, and Chalus in Mazandaran province. In the perceptions of corruption variable, the Hoetjes, Triesman and Heidenheimer’s theories were used. Also, in the social capital variable from the institutionalized approach and in particular from the Bo Rothstein and Stolle theories have been used. Data were collected using a survey method and a questionnaire tool from a sample of 400 people. The descriptive findings of the research showed that the level of the structure of corruption perception and all its dimensions (i.e. micro corruption, macro corruption, systemic corruption and international corruption) were at a high level and the rate of social trust structure and all its dimensions (i.e. interpersonal, generalized, institutional, and environmental) were at a low level. The explanatory findings of the research showed that the perceptions of corruption and all its dimensions had a strong and significant reverse relationship with social trust. Based on Pearson's correlation coefficient, dimensions of perceptions of systemic corruption, macro corruption, micro corruption, and international corruption had the strongest relationship among all. Based on the results of structural equation modeling, the theoretical model of research based on various indices such as CMIN / DF, RMSEA, NFI, CFI, PCFI and etc. had an acceptable fit. The results of this study confirm the empirical background and the theoretical framework of the research that was based on the institution-based approach of social trust. Findings demonstrated that the increase in the extent of perceptions of corruption in all its dimensions caused the decrease of social trust in its various dimensions.

In the past decades, social structures and institutions, including families, have been transformed by phenomena such as modernism, globalization and the expansion of communication networks.Transformation in the pattern of marriage and the age of marriage is one of the domains affected by these changes. In Iran, delay in marriage and increased Singleness have increased in recent years. The purpose of this research is to investigate and identify the key factors affecting the issue of Singleness in Iran. To achieve this goal, a list of 104 factors affecting Singleness in Iran was prepared after reviewing and analyzing documents, studies and interviews with experts.Then, using the Delphi method, finally 19 effective factors on Singleness in Iran was chosen. These factors were shared by 11 experts. Experts' opinions about the effectiveness and influence of factors in the Cross Impact matrix were introduced. By analyzing the outputs of the MICMAC software, the effectiveness and influence of each of the factors was determined. Factors like, impact of mass media on changing youth's attitudes, socio-economic status of family, inefficiencies in government plans to facilitate marriage, have the greatest impact on Singleness in Iran.

Today, women's access to social spaces and areas is one of their most important concerns. This study aims to investigate the tendency of women to watch men's soccer and the factors affecting it. The population of the study is "all girl students of Tehran Universities in 2018". The sample size estimated by Cochran formula is 495 persons. Finally, data were collected through questionnaire by multistage cluster sampling from four universities including Allameh Tabataba'i, Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University and Azad University of Science Research. In terms of girls' tendency to go to the stadium, about 15 percent of them would never go if the stadium was opened, 25 percent were skeptical, and 65 percent were willing to go to the stadium. This finding, along with the condition of watching football matches on television, reflects a rethinking of women's identities as they move from "watching football" to "becoming a footballer". Also among the social factors influencing the tendency of girls, in the first stage, their agency can be analyzed more at the individual level with the aim and experience of excitement and in the second level as reducing the limitations of the political system towards women in the society. Some of the prominent feminist attitudes serve two previous purposes.

The purpose of the present research is exploring qualitatively, national and ethnic identity in the lifeworld of Baloch student at state universities. In this research, grounded theory has been used as one of the qualitative research methods. The research participants were Masters and Ph.D. Baloch students at state universities. Datas are collected through in-depth interviews. Interviews continued to reach theoretical saturation in the various interviewed subjects. Data analysis was performed using open, axial, and selective coding. In the result of data analysis five categories and a core category was achieved. The categories includes: Multilayer and multiple identity resources, identity fluctuation; the movement between national and ethnic identity, the prominence of cultural components and the erosion of the political components of national identity, Representation of Balochi identity in relationship with Otherness and othering; Gajar and construction of identity frontier. The core category is othering of fluid identity. The findings also showed that the context and sources such as religious position, geographical and ethnic location along with conditions such as feeling of political discrimination, ethnic discrimination, media stereotyping, social and political status, and negative stereotypes have multiple links with the research core category.

Medical malpractice is a dysfunction of modern medicine and a social problem in medical sociology that threatens patients’ health and has negative consequences for society and physicians. The aim of this study was to sociological analyze of medical malpractice in Iran.This exploratory study was conducted by mixed method design, with qualitative method dominance: QUAL+ quan. For data collection in Qualitative part a set of variety tools were used, included: non-participant observation in Dispute Resolution Council Sessions, Semi-structured interview with 15 patients and 15 doctors who engaged in medical malpractice complaint. Quantitative part is a descriptive study essentially that determines the characteristics of the complaints file and describes the patients’ demographic characteristics who engaged in medical malpractice complaint in Dispute Resolution Council. Sampling method was Convenience and 370 medical malpractice complaint files were surveyed. Data analysis was conducted by Parallel analysis of mixed data that included 2 separated process of data analysis: qualitative analysis of data by thematic analysis of data and analysis of quantitative data by descriptive statistics. Finally, inferences of qualitative and quantitative analysis were integrated in Discussion and conclusion of study. The findings of this study showed that the most important axes of conflict between patients and doctors were financial interests, specialized knowledge, and organizational power. Patients and physician had different viewpoint and interpretation about medical intervention outputs, as physicians usually consider outcomes acceptable and don’t accept medical malpractice occurrence while patients suppose the medical intervention outcome is bad and non-acceptable and consider the adverse effects as medical malpractice. Study of medical malpractice files reveled around two third of patients’ primary chief complaint were been Cosmetic Medical and Surgical Procedures. More than half of patients believed that payment for medical services was unfair or completely unfair. Around half of patients had pursued medical malpractice complaint to earn compensation payment.It is concluded that medical malpractice as a social problem in the field of health is the result of a double conflict between patient and physician with two axes included financial benefits and power.

In recent years, there have been cases of successful and unsuccessful suicides among university students, which have made widespread concern in the public minds, experts and academics because of the community's sensitivity to youth and university students. This article studies the contexts, causal, exacerbating conditions, interactions, and the consequences of suicide from the perspective of students who had experienced unsuccessful suicide. Based on theoretical and purposive sampling, ten students of Kharazmi University with unsuccessful suicide experience in recent years were selected and interviewed.After analyzing the interviews and coding, different categories were developed: economic, social, and family disruptions as "Underlying Conditions", frustration, weakness, forced marriages, psychological stress, university differences with past expectations of students as "Causal Conditions", the gap generation, religious weakness, gender inequality, need to be considered as "Intervention condition", loneliness, labeling, avoidance and lack of support by others as "Common and Coping Strategies". Finally, for most survivors, negative consequences such as rejection and loss of social capital, physical and mental injuries, and ultimately unsuccessful return and repeated suicide attempts and for a minority of them successful return to social life were identified as possible outcomes. "core category" is best represented in the following statement: "Suicide is a personal response to frustrations, pressures, disruptions, and lack of support."

Social isolation is one prevalent social deficiencies among adolescents. Reasons of social isolation in adolescents are not clear yet. One of the variables that have attracted researchers in recent years to the etiology of social isolation is the dependence on new communication technologies, especially the Internet. This study aimed to determine the relationship between cyberspace dependency and social isolation in adolescents. This study conducted with a survey and cross-sectional design. Statistical population was high school students in Yazd. 535 (218 male and 317 female) adolescents selected using proportional stratified sampling. Instruments of data gathering are: Internet Addiction Test (IAT); and The UCLA Loneliness Scale-version 3 (UCLALS-v3). Cyberspace dependency prevalence rate in this research was 21.7%. Significant difference were found between normal and dependent to cyberspace users, regarding the general social isolation (P < .01); and components of isolation (P < .01); relational association (P < .01); and collective association (P < .05). Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis showed that cyberspace dependency, explained for 12.2% of the variance of social isolation. Cyberspace dependency is a main risk factor for adolescent's social isolation and increases the risk of social isolation among adolescents. According to this result, preventive behavioral and cognitive interventions are necessary in order to change the internet use pattern and reducing the social isolation among adolescents.