فصلنامه مطالعات بین رشته ای دانش راهبردی
پیاپی 37 (زمستان 1398)

Jihadi management, as the knowledge and art of leadership and control of collective activities, is based not only on struggle in military but in all scientific, political, economic, cultural, etc. arenas in line with access to strategic goals. So far, three characteristics of the former including popular service, divine intention and reliance on knowledge have been defined as the principles. In the same vein, the present study aims to develop the impact model of organizational culture on Jihadi management with a review of Imam Khamenei’s viewpoint and seeks to examine the impact of organizational culture on Jihadi management as a question. To that end, it exploits description-survey method (type of compatibility) by means of a researcher-designed questionnaire, including 50 questions, the reliability of which hits 0.91 according to SPSS Software, and the population is composed of 100 individuals upon Morgan Table along with a sample of 80. In this study, the elements of Jihadi management are classified in 7 concepts as: organizational participation; organizational flexibility; organizational assignment & mission; organizational adaptation; organizational adjustment, innovation, creativity, Jihadi culture and elements of Jihadi management in four religious, ethical, managerial and organizational concepts. Consequently, after the calculus and analysis of data, it was defined that the organization culture bears a direct and meaningful impact on Jihadi management.

Military spending is one of the most important issues that many countries are currently spending to strengthen their defense ventures relative to their national GDP. Furthermore, given that many of the world's natural resources, especially those of energy are located in the West Asia, countries with these reserves have almost enough budgetary resources to do so. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to compare the impact of military expenditure on the GDP of the Islamic Republic of Iran with selected countries such as the United States, Turkey, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the Zionist regime during the period 2018-2005. To that end, panel data method was used to estimate research econometric model. The results show that despite the lack of transparency in providing military statistics and information, Saudi Arabia, the occupying regime of Quds and the United States are the most active in the field of military expenditures and weaponry import. In Iran, however, only 2.17 percent of the country's military expenditure has affected GDP, indicating that Iran has consistently allocated the lowest number of defense and defense expenditure in comparison to the countries selected, and it has gained the most security, particularly as compared to the neighboring countries.

Public Policy Leadership is a concept in the literature of public policy sciences. It is as old as other concepts in public policy, but researches in this field, which have mostly been empirical studies and reports, used divergent and different disciplines, concepts and topics. Subsequently, it has made different approaches that have led to some divergent and different meanings. In this research, using the method of thematic analysis and for the purpose of semantics and genealogy of this concept, during a certain process, the most relevant studies of this field were selected and analyzed. The results of the thematic analysis of the texts cut and arranged together show that there are three main themes that included the meaning of public policy leadership: 1) directing the public policy process, 2) playing the main role among various actors and 3) creating convergence in public policy. Finally, it has also been attempted to examine the meaning of public policy leadership with respect to these three themes and the conditions that make each one credible. Also, it has attempted to analyze the possible combinations of these three themes in a two-in-one fashion, as well as their three-in-one mix.

The purpose of this research is to review the strategies of maintenance and repair and the appropriate one for the maintenance and repair of defense systems. Accordingly, the researcher answers this question, which is the most appropriate strategy for maintaining and repairing defense systems? The research method in this paper is a descriptive (case) and mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative), quantitatively descriptive statistics and using multi-criteria and qualitative research methods (OR) through content analysis.  To achieve the most appropriate strategy for the implementation of specific maintenance and repairing equipment, the TOPSIS Technique to prioritize alternatives (methods) according to the five criteria of work speed, the cost of implementing the steps, the quality of the work, the number of employees required and precision are used. The statistical population of this research consists of 9 experts in the field of maintenance and repair of defense departments and 50 managers, commanders and chiefs of the equipment parts and defense systems in the queues and headquarters. The results of the ranking show that in order to deal with the circumstances, comprehensive maintenance and repair procedures, maintenance and repairs, maintenance and repairs in a predictive manner, maintenance and repairs, maintenance and repairs are important in order respectively. Therefore, comprehensive maintenance and repairing methods, considering the distance less than the positive criteria and also the distance from the negative criteria, are more favorable than the other methods discussed and the most appropriate method for maintaining and repairing defense systems.

This article seeks to explain the challenge between Iran and United States, independent of the cause or time of occurrence, by providing a model to choose the optimal behavior. Presenting the model, the perspective theory is used to describe the action of the parties, and the space that governs this challenge; and the optimal answer is expressed with the Game Theory Approach. Prospect theory, which is used to improve the human behavioral pattern against the expectation value theory, due to the modified assumptions that the traditional approaches have them, makes a usable model which guarantee the output more reliable. The main question that this article seeks to answer is: what is the optimal pattern of Iran's behavior in the operating environment with U.S. conflict? In this regard, after explaining how Iran and the United States act during the game, it is demonstrated that the selected games of Iran and the United States - to obtain the least cost and inflict the most damage - are compatible with the Chicken game and the Prisoner's Dilemma respectively; So it was assumed that Iran chooses the Chicken game and the United States chooses Prisoner's Dilemma; and Finally, the US-Iran rocket conflict will be described base on these two games.

The significant reduction in financial resources, the very complex environment and other problems facing airports, require airports to make the best use of their existing resources to respond to the needs of their stakeholders and customers by identifying controlled and uncontrolled variables. For this reason, airport managers are always looking for improve performance. Performance improvement requires an appropriate evaluation and measurement of system performance. In the first step, the airport performance areas and then the critical performance indicators in each area are identified using the Balanced Scorecard method. Due to the differences in the peripheral, political, social, cultural and … environments of airports, it is not possible to provide a uniform list of performance indicators for all airports, therefore, the performance indicators of each airport, is unique to the same airport, and should be identified, then a system of performance measurement developed. Using the results of step one, we have identified and categorized the performance indicators of Mehrabad Airport in known areas using the experts' opinion. The results of this study identify 82 indicators in 6 performance areas safety, economic, environmental, service quality, delay and capacity, and productivity.

The Iraqi Kurdistan shares a common border with the Kurdish region of Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), and it is of particular importance in terms of ethnic affiliation and longstanding ties with the latter. In the same vein, the present study aims to contribute to effective decision-making on security management related to the issues of Kurdistan. Following, it deals with the most significant threats against the IRI from Kurdistan as a question. In regard with type, this research is an applied one which has been conducted descriptively with an approach of description-analysis. Accordingly, it gathers data on desk and from internet and conducts objective and deep interview with some pundits and experts concerned to the sphere in such a way to explore the most significant threats against the IRI in the Kurdistan of Iraq. Consequently, the most significant threats against the IRI are Cooperation against Iran’s security and Kurdistan’s close relations with the enemies and rivals of the IRI in order to call their support for independence, and the presence of Kurdish groups opposite to the IRI in that region.

Organizations today operate in a dynamic and high-level environment of uncertainty; thus, they are forced to create Flexibility in their own human resources to face the environment and make optimal use of their resources. Meanwhile, the purpose of this research is to design a model for human resource flexibility in social security organization. The present research was carried out in a composite (qualitative-quantitative) study. Accordingly, in the first part of the research, to provide a comprehensive research methodology for human resource flexibility the meta-synthesis method has been used. In this way, after identifying the categories, concepts and codes of the human resource flexibility, the initial conceptual model of the research was formed. In the second part of the study, a confirmatory factor analysis method (structural equation-Lisserel) was used to test the model in the organization under study (social security organization). The statistical population of the research in the qualitative stage is composed of a series of related articles in the area of human resource flexibility that is 218. The sample size hits 60 after the screening and review. Also, the statistical population in the quantitative stage (Survey), includes all employees of the insurance and health insurance units of the National Social Security Organization. To determine the sample size, the Cochran Formula has been used; consequently, the results of the research show that the dimensions and extracted component from the meta-synthesis method was approved by the target society.

Today, passive defense strategy is applied for protecting and preserving whatever is taken to be of utmost significance in the life of the citizens in a country when faced with serious threats from enemies. Since the Holy Qur’an is the last divine book of guidance for human, it must be safeguarded for the coming generations. In the Holy Qur’an, God introduces Himself as the Guardian of this heavenly book: “Indeed We have sent down the Reminder, and indeed We will preserve it.” (15: 9). However, little attention has been paid to the way God has watched over the Holy Qur’an against its enemies. It seems that passive defense principle has been applied for the divine preservation of the Holy Qur’an, the issue which was not known to the opposition groups or enemies at the time of revelation. Meanwhile, drawing upon a descriptive-analytical method, this research examines the ways in which the divine preservation and protection of the Holy Qur’an is conducted based on passive defense. To preserve and protect the Holy Qur’an, various appropriate defensive measures have been used, some of which are as follows: separation and dispersion, civil defense, concealment, camouflage conscious resistance, obscuration or covering, and replacement. Based on these methods, a series of measures and activities have been done within and without the Holy Qur’an (textual and non-textual) which resulted in the protection and preservation of the Holy Qur’an throughout the history; therefore, it could be said that God the Almighty has protected the Holy Qur’an by means of the passive defense strategy for the future generations. This study will resolve the doubts as to the alleged distortion (Tahrif) of the Qur’an, and provide a psychological ground for believing that the Holy Quran is not distorted at all. Besides, it will help to explain the conscious defensive system of the Holy Qur’an and enhance human’s knowledge of passive defense as well. Another achievement of this research is the development in raising issues regarding defensive measures as well as the adoption of the knowledge of passive defense with regard to the Shia’s strategic plans and objectives.

The raison d’etre of armed forces and the employment of conscripts in these forced is to maintain the preparedness in defending national territorial integrity. The employment of conscripts in any religion and ethnicity with any type of expertise and ability seems logical in meeting the purposes of military service. However, in addition to employing the soldiers for the aims of military service, it is necessary to satisfy their skill needs to help them in post-service employment. Accordingly, the main aim of this study is to explain the relation between skill learning by the soldiers with their post-service life; the secondary aim is to identify the factors affecting the skill learning by soldiers. Thus, the questions of the research have been made in compliance with the aims. It is an applied research conducted in mixed-method correlation. In order to analyze the data, a questionnaire was distributed among 100 people in the statistical population (Since the statistical population is limited, the sample population and statistical population are the same). The results reveal that there are 26 factors affecting the skill learning of soldiers, which affect their post-service life. 92% of these factors have a positive and direct impact on the post-service life of the conscripts, while 8% forge a negative and inverse relation with it. In order to compare the findings of the research with practical facts, a questionnaire was distributed among 20 conscripts holding a B.A or B.S degree in different military organizations. The results show that 85% of the answers match the responses obtained from the statistical population.

In a variable environment, it is necessary to create and develop organizations that are agile and professional and are highly sensitive to change. The most important element in this area is the human resources, which play roles in the agility and professionalism of the organization. In order to function properly and effectively, the human resources are necessary to be competent; accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a "Strategic Model of Human Resources Education tailored to the Agility and Professionalism of NAJA". This research is objective, applied and developmental, and in terms of research method, it is a mixed-research type. The data collection method is library and field data and the sample size is 23 according to the Morgan Table. To determine validity and validity of the tool, Lawshe coefficient and Cronbach's alpha, and SPSS software and Smart PLS software were used to test the proposed model. Based on the findings and results of the research, the strategic model of human resources training is proportional to the agility and professionalism of NAJA from 5 dimensions and 32 components as follows: 1. Principles and values, including God-centeredness, velayatmadary, cooperation and coordination, revolutionary thinking and behavior, accountability and consistency, law and order, and compliance, intelligence, modernity and dynamism and flexibility 2. Effective factors (inputs), including: human resources, physical resources, financial resources, organizational culture, organizational structure, IT platform, education approach and knowledge management 3- Competency-oriented human resource training process, including: competence-based assessment, design, implementation and evaluation 4. Effective environmental factors, including: political, economic, cultural, social, technology, legal and scientific-professional environment 5. Achievements (outputs), including: human resources tailored to the agility and professionalism of NAJA, agile and professional NAJA, speeding up and accuracy in NAJA missions, and promoting community order and security.

Entrepreneurship development, alongside providing sustainable growth and development, will alleviate current problems including poverty, social and cultural disruption, and the unemployment of university graduates and that of other unemployed people. The current study aims at identifying and categorizing the barriers of students’ entrepreneurship. The research has used a mixed-method design with sequential exploration which was conducted in two qualitative- quantitative part. The qualitative study included ten (N=10) experts and the quantitative study consisted of 228 lecturers who were sampled from the faculty members of Zanjan University, using stratified sampling method. Semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire were used to gather data for the qualitative and the quantitative studies, respectively. To validate the data in qualitative section, interviewees as well as colleagues were asked to review the data. With regard to validation of the questionnaire, content validity and construct validity were used. Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test at 0.925. In order to analyze the research data, we utilized inferential statistical methods of confirmatory exploratory factor analysis. The findings revealed that individual barriers, educational barriers, financial barriers and supportive barriers such as government, regulations and social attitudes were the main barriers to students’ entrepreneurship.

In the modern world, if an organization wants to compete, it must be put into practice through knowledge and effective use. In such a situation, the creation of competitive advantage of the strategy requires a new kind of organization that has the ability to create quality knowledge. For this reason, managers are expected to have a profound understanding of organizational developments and enhance the performance of organizations through investing in knowledge-based projects. The most important step in this regard is to examine the effective factors in implementing knowledge management and identify its bottlenecks. In this article, key factors in the implementation of the knowledge management system in the IRIB(TV)have been identified. The present study was a qualitative study which was carried out by means of Foundation Data. In this research, snowball sampling method was used along with deep interview technique to collect information until theoretical saturation was obtained. The results showed that the key factors in knowledge management system implementation in the IRIB (TV) are: strategic knowledge-based orientation, infrastructure of information and communication systems, human resources development, participatory culture, conflicts of knowledge, knowledge compatibility day and Flexibility.

Development and international banking and financial relations provide many opportunities for developing countries to play a more active role in the global economy and increase their profits through their participation in international markets. Despite the variety of opportunities arising from international financial and banking relationships, there are many challenges in this area. One of the most important challenges is how to resolve disputes related to international banking and financial affairs. To address the claims in this area, new approaches have been proposed, which are somewhat different from the traditional legal and judicial approaches that are called “Alternative Dispute Resolution" (ADR). In these methods, the disputant’s parties seek specific mechanisms that, while paying the lowest cost and providing their points of view and satisfaction, can make fair and equitable decisions. This article examines the effectiveness of ADR procedures as an extended model for resolving banking and financial disputes by examining different ways of solving disputes in the field of international economics. Hence, identification of competent authorities to address these disputes and explaining the role of ADR methods in resolving disputes arising from financial and banking issues are among the most important goals of this study. The results of this research prove that using ADR methods is the most appropriate and desirable method among various methods of resolving economic disputes for international banking and financial affairs.

In the first decade of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the government had a large quota in economic activity, but in the following decades, the tendency in reduction of governmental ownership and the delegation of activities to the private sector gradually intensified, and within the first to fifth five-year plans this considering was realized. Anyway, after four decades of the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, despite affirmations of Iran’s Supreme Leader, the announcement of General Policies of Article 44 of Constitution and the emphasis on the policies of the resistive economy, we did not find the desired result in strengthening the position of the private sector in the national economy yet.      The purpose of this article is to summarize the statements and explain the discourse of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution in the field of private sector, which will be realized through the achievement of Ayatollah Khamenei's doctrine, goals and policies around the issue. In this regard, the qualitative research method of the basic theory (data of the foundation) has been used and the results obtained from this research depict that his doctrine in the field of private sector embraces "progress with justice", "administration of economic affairs based on Islamic values", "respect to the principle of private property ownership" and "avoid monopoly and alien domination". The goals that were outlined involve "increasing the share of the private sector in the national economy", "relying on the private sector's economic capacities", "promoting the economic security of the private sector", "generating public participation in social and economic activities", "competitive and competition expanding economy" and "increased efficiency and competitiveness". This doctrine and goals will be realized through the following policy components: These components are "empowering the private sector", "economic stability for the private sector", "combating the economy corruption", "supporting national production in order to attract the private sector participation", "making the private sector's economic activities as knowledge based activities" and "popularize the economy and spread public ownership". In the end, according to the Supreme Leader's discource, people's worth and management have to enter the realm of the economy.