مجله سلامت و سالمندی خزر
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

Nursing is a vital profession in the health system and job burnout is a common phenomenon in this profession. It imposes many costs on health systems in addition to the impact on individual and professional lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between burnout and quality of life (QoL) of nurses in hospitals of Guilan University of Medical Sciences.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 350 nurses working in teaching hospitals of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in Rasht using multistage sampling in 2015. The data gathering tool was a three-part questionnaire including demographic information, World Health Organizations QoL questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF with 26 questions) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (22 questions). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 16.

Totally, 66.6% of nurses were female and 67.4% of them had less than 10-year work experience. The age range of 60.3% of them was 20-42 years. The overall mean score of QoL in nurses was 62.51±19.99. There was a statistically reverse relationship between frequency and severity of burnout in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment subscales with all areas of QoL.

Based on the results, there was a significant and negative relationship between severity and frequency of burnout subscales with all dimensions of QoL; therefore, managers need to pay attention to the symptoms of burnout and adopt educational and management strategies to prevent burnout and improve nurses' QoL.

 Retirement in sports has always caused many psychological problems for athletes and has had detrimental effects on their health. Given the importance of subject and role of psychological components, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between perfectionism with stress and athletic burnout.

The statistical population of this descriptive-correlational study included all young national footballers. The sample size was 378 ones, selected using a quota sampling method. Data were collected through questionnaires of coping strategies for stress, perfectionism and athletic burnout. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were applied to test the hypotheses. All data were analyzed using SPSS 24.

The findings showed that there was a significant correlation between athletic burnout with positive perfectionism (- 0.622), negative perfectionism (0.555), problem-oriented strategy (-0.358) and emotion-oriented strategy (0.401). Totally, 56% of the variance in athletic burnout could be predicted via positive perfectionism (beta: 0.412), problem-oriented strategy (beta: 0.306), negative perfectionism (beta: 0.267) and emotion-oriented strategy (beta: 0.114).

Based on the findings of this study, planning to develop coaches’ awareness of coaching behaviors and to increase optimal, psychological and better performance of athletes, it seems necessary to use psychological variables such as perfectionism, stress and athletic burnout.

One of the psychological characteristics decreased with age is self-concept. Self-concept is the mental image of every person. The self-concept of the elderly is also based on their experiences during life stages. The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting the promotion of self-concept in the elderly and to discuss them.

This review study was conducted through searching IranMedex Google Scholar, SID, PubMed and Scopus databases. In this research, the full-text studies published in English and Persian all over the world from 2008 to 2018 and focused on self-concept and elderly (in English and Persian) were investigated. After qualitative evaluation of studies, they were assessed based on relevance. Then, the best findings were chosen.

The findings showed that the improvement of self-concept in the elderly was related to some factors such as:  body image, fitness and appearance, improvement of quality of life (QoL), improvement of self-esteem and memory review, low and moderate intensity aerobic training, high education, being married and having different roles in different social environments.

As people with low self-concept experience a sense of inadequacy and worthlessness, it is imperative that caregivers adopt self-concept strategies appropriate to each elderly in order to improve the QoL in the elderly.

During patients’ admission to intensive care units (ICUs) and use of an endotracheal tube, the cuff pressure may increase or decrease, both of which are harmful for patients. The best method to measure and maintain the endotracheal tube cuff pressure and also the appropriate times for measurement are not known. This study was conducted to compare the effect of intermittent monitoring with that of continuous monitoring on changes in endotracheal tube cuff pressure in patients admitted to ICUs.

This descriptive comparative study was conducted on 61 intubated patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, aged >18 years, and admitted to ICU. The cuff pressure was first controlled using a manometer, adjusted on 25cm water, monitored continuously for 6 hours using the transducer attached to the monitor, and finally, controlled again using the manometer and modified if necessary. After these procedures, the mean cuff pressure and its changes during the continuous monitoring were compared with those during the two times of intermittent monitoring, and the error rate and limits of agreement were estimated using Bland-Altman test.

The results showed that the mean cuff pressure in the two times of intermittent monitoring was statistically significant (P<0.005). Moreover, the values over the monitoring time fluctuated, but these variations were not statistically significant (P=0.051). The results revealed that the error rate and limits of agreement in both monitoring methods were -1.43±3.99 and -9.41-6.32, respectively.

Considering the error rate and limits of agreement in both methods and their clinical importance, further studies are needed to distinguish the more suitable and preferable method. However, it can be suggested that regular measurement intermittently can keep the cuff pressure in the normal range to a great extent.

Stroke is a chronic condition  that  necessitates  multidimentional  and  comprehensive care. The caregivers  of  stroke  patients  are  faced  with  various  stressors  that  can  threaten  different aspects  of their  health , especially  their  mental  health. Knowledge of  the  spiritual attitude  of  family  caregivers  of  elder  with  stroke  can  provide effective  strategies in this regard. Given  the importance  of  the  subject  and  the  lack  of  study  in this  topic, the  researchers decided  to conduct a  study  to  determine  spiritual  attitude  of  family  caregivers  in elder  with  stroke.

This  descriptive cross-sectional  study  was  conducted on 407 family  caregivers  of elder patients  with  stroke, referred to the health care  centers  and nursing service companies of  eastern  of  Gilan province  in Iran in 2016. The participants  were selected  through  convenience  sampling. Data  were  collected  using  the demographic  questionnaires  and spiritual attitude scale and  were then analyzed in SSPS 18 through descriptive and analytical statistics at significant level of p=0.05.

The results  showed that 88.9% of the  caregivers  were female. The  mean  age  of  the  participants was  38.8±8.8  years. Totally, 45.7% of persons  were  unmarried, 65.6% were  housewives, 96.6%  were under diploma and  diploma and 67.3%  of family  caregivers  lived  in  private homes. The  mean  caregiving duration  was  4.2±2.5 years. The findings indicated that the  mean score  of  spiritual  attitude  was  108.77±6.20. Moreover, 22.9, 49.3 and 27.8% of participants had low or unfavorable, moderate or relatively desirable and high or favorable spiritual  attitude, respectively.

The results suggested that the spiritual attitude  was  moderate  and  relatively  favorable in  majority  of  family caregivers. Providing  strategies  for  improving  spirituality  as  important  factor  in family  caregivers  adapting  can improve  elder  caring  and  caregivers’  health.

 The selection of healthy behaviors in elementary school is very important; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the curriculum of health education and promotion in elementary third grade textbooks based on health system development components.

 This descriptive study was performed via content analysis using Shannon Entropy Technique. The content was evaluated in terms of responsive design (elementary third grade textbooks), 12 main components and 58 sub-components of health education and promotion.

 The results of Shannon Entropy content analysis showed that by evaluating all 6 books of the elementary third grade, the mental health component with 645 cases had the highest frequency, and the least frequency was related to disability with 7 cases. Of the 2415 frequencies of health components in the third grade schoolchildren, 39,456, 60, 54, 295,41, 539, 645, 12, 19, 7 and 248 cases were related to physical health, nutritional health, circumambient health, environmental health, family health, safety incidents, physical activity, mental health, prevention of high-risk behaviors, disease control and prevention, disabilities as well as public and school health, respectively.

 The findings indicated that among health components in elementary third grade textbooks, the nutritional and mental health components had the highest coefficient of importance and disability component had the lowest coefficient of importance. Therefore, teaching health components in schools can be done by managing, planning, educating and paying attention to the type of nutrition and health behaviors of students. Moreover, not paying attention to it will harm not only the students but also the society.

 Aging is an inevitable period of human life and the world's population is rapidly moving towards aging so that the sleep and quality of life (QoL) of these people have been considered with the advancement of science and attention to the population pyramid. Sleep disorders have a negative effect on the QoL of the elderly; therefore, the aim of this study was to answer the question of whether physical activity affects sleep and QoL of inactive elderly men (IEM).

 In this semi-experimental study, the population was 20 IEM. The data were collected using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for measuring sleep disorders and Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) for measuring QoL and exercise protocol. The exercise protocol used in this study was performed with an intensity of 60% of the maximum heart rate for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week. The Shapiro-Wilks, parametric dependent t-test and Wilcoxon non-parametric tests were used and SPSS 21 was applied for statistical calculations.

 After exercise intervention, the mean score of sleep quality decreased from 8.1 to 6, which improved by 26%, and the mean score of QoL increased from 78.63 to 81.73, indicating a 4% improvement in QoL, representing that there was a significant relationship between the variables (P<0.001).

 Physical activity improves the state of mobility by increasing the interest of older men in sports. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of many sleep disorders and to increase the QoL by informing the authorities about the protocol of physical activities and its implementation.

 Participating in physical activity has many physical and mental benefits for the health of the elderly, and cultural and social factors have a great effect on the participation of the elderly in sports. The aim of this study was to identify the cultural and social factors affecting the development of elderly sports.

 This mixed-method study including 3 stages was conducted during 2019-2020. Stage 1 was a review study that was performed through analyzing the content of 23 national (8) and foreign (15) researches. Stages 2 and 3 were qualitative study. In the second stage, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 27 experts and commentators, and interviewing continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. In the third stage, 15 members of the Delphi group were interviewed in two rounds. Sampling in the second and third stages was targeted and available.

 After content analysis, nine cultural and social factors affecting the development of elderly sport were identified. Playing music in parks, making sports fun for the elderly, creating a culture and motivation in the elderly, creating the right attitude in the elderly, increasing life expectancy in the elderly, creating peace of mind in the elderly, the presence of family members and sport friends with the elderly, intimacy atmosphere between officials, coaches and elderly athletes, helping to solve the elderly's personal problems in order not to leave sports were cultural and social factors affecting the development of elderly sport, which were divided into three areas: environmental, interpersonal and intrapersonal.

 Based on the results, it is suggested that competitions should be held among the elderly to increase their motivation. Sport coaches should also try to make sports fun. Moreover, the more the media allocates programs to the elderly and talk about their moral and self-confidence; the more motivated the elderly will do exercise.