نشریه علوم اجتماعی
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 33، بهار و تابستان 1398)

The Islamic revolution in Iran is the outcome of a long time Iranians struggle for in the last two decades, which succeeded by the leadership of Imam Khomeini in 1979 and constituted the Islamic Republic regime. A social resistance cannot succeed without having an account of events in the past, present, and future. In other words, any revolution needs an ideology. Islamic Revolution was an example of this case.In the 1970s, plenty of young Iranians who held an ideology joined the Islamic Revolution and had a significant role in its success. When in 1980, Iraq invaded Iran, these young people where the majority of volunteers in war fronts.In Iran, Beliefs and values during Iran-Iraq were particular, and values like sacrifice, unity, and sympathy were strong.The content analysis of wills by martyrs of the war helps to understand how they thought and believed. These wills are different from ordinary wills, which include debts, payroll, asking for mercy, and advice for spending one-third of the wealth of the willful. In the wills of Iranian martyrs, a religious-political atmosphere is dominant.

Ideology is one of the most disputing concepts in the social sciences. Conventionally, ideology is a closed set of governing ideas in social and political actions. In social sciences, usually ideological actors are considered people who follow principles of doctrine without any question. Examples of this take are often religious cults. The main idea here is intensity in conformity with a system of ideas.When people believe in an ideology, they feel it is an external phenomenon. It is the outsider who feels coercion in accepting the beliefs. People who believe in ideology have a strong collective identity. They may ignore other systems of ideas for this reason.Ideology is a system of social beliefs, distinction of ideology from political ideologies (Rajai 1975). Focusing on common interest and shared emotions can be the particular character of ideology. They justify some forms of action and reject some other vehemently. They are more organized and more oriented comparing to social beliefs.We believe that is a system of ideas and explicit judgments that are organized. It justifies, interprets and explains the social position of a group or society. Ideology is inspired and influenced by values. So they suggest specific orientation for the group or society. Then, based on this definition, ideology is a total integrated and consistent system of perceptions and opinions inside a society.

This research is done using the content analysis method that examines themes in the texts by quantification. We studied two thousand pages; each contains three hundred words from a complete set of martyrs wills gathered by the responsible organization. The studied texts are selected by systematic random sampling.After selecting texts, we read them and gave codes to all themes. The codes aggregated to form second-order codes. In the last phase, final codes emerged who may include some second-order codes.

Among 35362 recorded themes, the largest category was related to political affairs (46.55 percent). Then there were themes related to the cultural affair (39.60 percent), and the third place was social affairs with 13.83 percent of the total. The most frequent political theme is martyrdom and leadership. Revolution, resistance and the war has the next ranks. The most critical element in political behavior is sacrifice and life dedication and readiness for serving the leader. Related to cultural affairs, we found 14007 points in the sample, which is 39.6 % of the total. The main categories in this field are being oriented to God, following Imams, praying.

This study showed that the martyrs' will portray a right and wrong picture of war. They consider themselves in the right front and at its maximum level, consider it as a mystical practice. The martyrs, in the political category, point to martyrdom and Valayat. In the cultural category, they point to the centrality of God and Imamat. In the social category, family, unity, and integrity were their most concerns.Regarding these results, the ideology of the Islamic revolution during its first decade was an almost equal combination of political, cultural, and social dimensions in which the political dimension was a little more robust. The martyrs as members of the military forces did not consider themselves apart from political issues. In fact in this period in the political dimension, leadership and obeying the leader were significant.

In the modern age, media has become an integral part of our lives and sources of information that influence people. One of the behavioral aspects that can be influenced by the media is the pattern of people’s consumption in everyday life. Since media programs, movies, advertisements, TV series, etc. are disseminating consumerist and luxury oriented values. They can influence people’s desire for consumption and luxury. Women have been studied in this research because of the central and influential role they play in life and particularly in family consumption pattern.  The aim was to examine women’s extent of media consumption and luxury orientation, and to answer the question that whether there is a significant relationship between media consumption (TV, Satellite programs, and Internet) and luxury orientation among the women of 15-29 years old in Mashhad?

In this research, the  theories of conspicuous consumption of Veblan (1997), Simmel’s (1947) fashion theory, Bourdieu’s (1979) distinction theory, theory of lifestyle of Giddens (1991) were used to explain the variable of luxury (dependent variable) and the extent of media’s effects on human behavior. Luxury orientation in this study was explained by theories such as use and satisfaction theory, Agenda-setting theory, injection theory and so on.Regarding  the impact of media consumption and luxury orientation, only some researches have been done such as Khademiyan and Mobarakifard (2012), Vaziri, Behravan and Yousefi (2011), Askari Nodoushan, Afshani, Zakeri Mahaneh, and Askari Nodoushan (2011), Abdollahiyan and Hasani (2010), Movahed, Abbasi Shavazi, and Mahmoodi (2010), Rabbani and Rastegar (2008), Razavi Zadeh (2006), Nwankwo, Hamelin And Khaled (2014), Amonrat (2014), Peak and Pan (2004), Wei and Pan (1999). None have directly or partially discussed this issue. This study seeks to provide a more accurate description of the topic.

To answer the questions survey was used. The population consisted of all women of 15-29 years old in Mashhad. The sample was estimated to be 384 individuals.Luxury consumption refers to consumers' tendency to buy luxury and expensive goods to influence others through showing their ability to pay high prices, especially for luxury products (Anet, Sajadi, & Kheibari, 2013). To measure the dependent variable (luxury orientation), 36 items were used at ordinal measuring level, based on the results of previous researches and theories.Media consumption includes the use of various communication media such as television, radio, cinema, press, books, the Internet, online televisions and satellite videos (Razavizadeh, 2007).Participants were questioned about TV, satellite, and internet usage per minute during the day to measure media consumption. Data collection tool was researcher-made questionnaire that was confirmed by technicians. Its reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0/91.

The overall average of media consumption (TV, Satellite programs and Internet) was 23/6% among the sample population that show low level of consumption. The average women luxury oriented index in the sample was 47% that show an average level of luxury orientation. According to Pearson correlation test, there is a significant and positive relationship between the variable of media consumption (TV, Satellite programs and Internet) with luxury orientation in 15-29 years old women in Mashhad which means by increasing media consumption, the luxury orientation increases in women and by decreasing it, the amount of women luxury orientation decreases.

Since it was found there is a significant and positive relationship between media consumption (TV, Satellite programs and Internet) and luxury orientation in 15-29 years old women in Mashhad, the hypothesis of the research was confirmed. Media theories emphasize that and media can have a direct and ig impact on the audience. Women are exposed to the media for leisure, so their consumption behaviors may be influenced by seeing luxurious content. If women as key members of families lavish in luxury, they may can cause serious problems for family by not fulfilling their duties toward their husbands, children and society.Analyzing the mentioned issues, the importance of the media in human life becomes clear.  To avoid destroying families, media content must be planned suitably for Islamic society until people learn to have a healthy lifestyle. In order to enjoy their life, audiences also need to feel that  their real life is so close to the lives shown in movies and TV series.

Violence is a relatively challenging and multidimensional phenomenon for social scientists. It is dependent on mental processes and manifests in the form of individual behaviors, but in fact, it is a social phenomenon. In other words, in many cases, the context for actualization and realization of violent behaviors is social relationships and social actions. Many social researchers have studied families as one of the social institutions in which the occurrence of violence is likely. This study, considering the role of families in shaping personalities and social practices, aimed to investigate the exposure of students to violence at home and its impact on their educational performance. Then based on results, it will try to provide solutions for the problem. This research sought to answer the following two questions:- How much have students in the target community faced domestic violence? Is there a relationship between exposure to domestic violence and students' educational performance?

There is an inverse relationship between exposure to violence and educational performance among children and adolescents (Carrell & Hoekstra, 2010; Rugutt & Chemosit, 2005). Some studies report this relationship in terms of mediating psychological variables (e.g., Ibarra & Wilkins, 2007; Thomson & Massat, 2005). Researchers focused on Iran have considered the relationship between variables such as mental health or quality of life and the occurrence of violence and consequently affecting children's educational performance (e.g., Rezaei, 2006; Mohammadkhani, 1999).Sociological theories on family and neighborhood have tried to explain violence. According to theories, such as social learning (Bandura, 1978), resources in the hands of activists (Goode, 1971), gender attitudes (Ezazi, 2001), people's perception of the desired pattern of interpersonal exchange (Aramaki Azad, 2002; Ritzer, 1995), and patterns of social relations regulation (Rafipoor, 1999), are particularly important in explaining violence.James S. Coleman's theory is particularly relevant to this study. According to this theory, the material resources provided in schools do not make much difference in educational performance. Instead, the explanatory factor is the social and familial context of children (Baker, 2007). According to Coleman, inequalities imposed on children at home, in the community, and by peers later become inequalities faced by adults at the end of school (Giddens, 1999). In other words, Coleman's discussions can highlight the importance of family environment, including the prevalence of violence, on children's educational performance, and consequently, on the characteristics of their adult life.

Survey was the primary method of this study. The population of the study included students in the first year of high school in the city of Chenaran during the 1394-1395 (2005-2006) educational year. The sample size of 492 individuals is estimated using Morgan and Krejcie's (1970) table. The questionnaire validated through a content validity approach. Cronbach's alpha secured the reliability of the questionnaire based on the pre-test data.

The findings are related to theories we reviewed in the field of violence such as social learning theory (Bandora, 1978), resource theory (Goode, 1971), and Coleman's theoretical and experimental findings (Baker, 2007). Besides, the relationship reported in this study between domestic violence and educational performance in other empirical studies, such as Rezaei (2006), Thomson and Masat (2005), Ibarra and Wilkens (2007), and Carl and Hoekstra (2010), also has been observed and approved.

Violence rises as a result of some social, cultural, economic, and psychological factors and therefore it cannot be tackled based on a single, pre-existing process. Then a series of supportive and awareness-raising programs can be implemented to prevent violence. The formulation of such programs requires a balance between interests, priorities, conditions, and characteristics of both violent and violent groups. It is also necessary to have a clear picture of the status quo along with specific criteria in order to formulate the desired outlook. The realization of such programs requires further studies on the spatial and temporal domains and variables.

Dominant approaches in the Iranian civilization have always been accompanied by cultural tolerance and compromise. The case studied in this inquiry (Miandoab City) is a collection of cultural diversity due to its high level of immigration to the city as well as being located among three provinces. In the multiethnic and multicultural area where life went on peacefully until the past decade, there has often been a number of controversies between communities that resulted in military intervention. It has brought about signs of uncertainty and vulnerability with regards to social tolerance between various identities. Accordingly, the main research question in this study is: to what extent the people who belong to different religious cults tolerate others in this multiethnic, multicultural texture? What are the effective factors on the social tolerance of Miandoab citizens?

A thorough review of the conducted studies regarding social tolerance illustrates that most of the studies carried out in Iran have focused on the political aspect of tolerance, using samples of University students (Serajzadeh et al., 2004; Share’pour & Khoshfar, 2002; Golabi & Rezaei, 2013; Shahryari et al., 2015) and citizens (Moghtadaei, 2010; Adibisadeh et al.,2014;Jalaeian Bakhshandeh & et al., 2018) social and civil aspects of tolerance should be addressed among ethnic and religious communities. Due to its multicultural nature, the City of Miandoab in West Azerbaijan Province is a good field to deconstruct tolerance among ethnic groups of Kurds and Turks and religions of Shiite and Sunni.Considering the multicultural nature of the society of Iran, the accomplished researches about tolerance, social distance, and cross-cultural sensitivities among ethnic communities are scarce and partial. Theoretical and experimental literature of tolerance has a sixty-year-old history (Mather & Tranby, 2014).In the modern society, tolerance is recognized as a civil, political virtue. Considering the theoretical approach of King (1975), Daren and Tranby (2014) and exemplar restriction of Elisabetta (2002), the notion of tolerance has been conceptualized within political, religious, identity, and behavioral dimensions.According to theoretical and experimental studies by Mather and Tranby (2014), Golebiowska (1999), and Parillo and Donoghue (2005), social tolerance is influenced by contextual factors such as gender, religion, and ethnicity. These contextual factors contain macro structure conditions. According to Bourdieu (1986), the distributer of the whole capital (as a consequence of economic and cultural capitals) and capital structure (relative weight of economic and cultural capitals) within the social field determine the social position of actors, who are then considered to be at the same level as those similar to them in terms of the whole capital (Bourdieu, 1984). Putnam also asserted the role of social, economic, and cultural capitals in development and improvement of social tolerance (Putnam, 2001). Various forms of capitals are effective in mediating and expanding individuals’ insights and mental horizons, enhancing relativism and relative thinking, and shifting from exclusive to multiple identities. In fact, the rejection of multiplicity and refusing selection in identity related subjects can bring about a considerably unilateral and punitive perspective (Sen, 2016). Considering the exclusive nature of religious and ethnic identities along with the multicultural texture of the case (with Kurd and Turk ethnicities and faiths including Sunnis and Shiites), ethnic and religious orientations affect social tolerance. Accordingly, Miandoab citizens’ reconsideration of exclusive identities depends on the extent to which they enjoy social capitals and the range of their interactive field.

In this study, cross-sectional survey method was used with two purposes including description and explanation. Questionnaires were used for data collection. The total population of the study included individuals between the ages of 18-50 living in Miandoab; the sample population was obtained as 313 individuals based on the Cochran’s formula. As the present study was focused on exploring social tolerance mediated by various forms of capitals, “multistage cluster” probability sampling was employed. In the case studied in this inquiry, Sunnis and Kurds mostly live in underprivileged and semi-privileged areas; given the sensitivity of the subject, only the literate and employed individuals consented to cooperate with the research. The validity of the questionnaire was improved through formal validity and confirmatory factor analysis.

Findings showed that the average social tolerance is higher among Kurds and Sunnis compared to Turks and Shiites. Furthermore, the average economic, social and cultural capitals and ethnic orientations were higher among Turks and Shiites relative to Kurds and Sunnis. The average religious orientation were higher in Kurds and Shiites than Turks and Sunnis. According to the results obtained from bivariate analyses, there is a positive, significant relation between social tolerance and various forms of capitals. Meanwhile, the most considerable influence is related to the cultural and economic capital variable. In addition, there is an inverse relation between religious and ethnic orientations and social tolerance. Among contextual variables, there is a positive, significant relation between education and social tolerance while there is an inverse, insignificant relation between the variable of age and social tolerance. Based on the results of regression analysis, independent variables explain 52.3% of changes in social tolerance.The descriptive results showed that social tolerance of Miandoab citizens is at an average level. The results showed a positive, significant relation between enjoying various forms of capitals and social tolerance. In terms of ethnicity, the settlement of the majority of Kurds at marginal rural areas denote economic inequalities and undoubtedly, the absence of effective communicational exchange. Moreover, the results also showed an inverse, negative relation between ethnic and religious orientations and social tolerance. In such a situation, the tolerance of religious people and those who follow an exclusive, closed capital and act according to social norms and values are at a lower level.

Political tolerance among the examined sample is at an average level which could be a preventive factor; subsequently, legitimate freedoms should be recognized in terms of ethnicity and religion for improvement, while the means for their realization should be pragmatically provided as well. The low percentage of identity tolerance in the form of cults and the four main religions (The Righteous, Baha’i, Sunnis, and Shiites) rejecting one another represent the lack of communication and unity between the members of social groups examined in this study. Through increasing social connections among religions, the orientation of the generally tolerant subject of Daren and Tranby (2014) would be easier to attain, subsequently resulting in the maximum level of tolerance. In the behavioral aspect of social tolerance, engagement and enhancement of direct group projects would functionally bring gender-related sensitivities to public areas. The role of education institutes in influencing and imparting gender differences is of importance.

Family is one of the most insecure social units in terms of violent incidence. The likelihood of being killed, wounded or abused in the family by its members is very high (Gelles, 1979). Particularly women and children are being subjected to violence more by members of the family. Researches have shown that violence is the result of inequality in power. Power is distributed unevenly in various societies in a variety of ways, based on gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic base (Lombard, 2015). Therefore, it can be assumed that women are in very difficult conditions in the marginal areas of cities, because they have very little power in the family and community. On the other hand, based on the theory of social learning, violence in childhood is learned through experience and observation. Given the fact that mothers usually have the most contact with children in their families and are responsible for their discipline and upbringing the question arises as to whether fostering violent personalities is a direct result of women's behavior. What is the role of the weakness of the family's social and economic status in this regard? In this research, it has been attempted to clarify the role of women in this field by identifying the chain of factors that end in violence.

According to the social pressure theories, those people act violent who firstly feel a severe socio-economic deprivation and secondly, are acquainted with the value of the higher classes, and feel inferior to it. Social learning theory considers violence as the result of socialization (Akers, 1998). Violence in this theory is a form of learned social behavior which is dependent on the experiences of the children in the family and on the other hand, it is related to the differences in gender socialization in the family that allows girls and boys to be socialized with different norms (Moradi & Zandi, 2007). For feminists, the cause of violence lies in the power inequality between the two sexes. They believe that men are resorting to violence against women, using the power that social institutions grant them. But women also have some power and use it for reasons such as self-defense, jealousy, control, anger and deprivation (Dutton & White, 2013). According to the theories, this study considered two groups of factors: 1. The childhood experiences that indicate socialization status and is influenced by the power relations of the family 2. Variables such as age, sex, marital and social status, which represent the person's position in the social surrounding environment. The general assumption of the research is that in childhood, two factors of learning and power relationships within the family are involved in the formation of violent people, but in adulthood, social inequalities in the metropolitan environment will exacerbate violence and return it to weak members of the families.

This study was conducted in a survey method. The population of the study consists of 15-29 years old young people living in two marginal areas of Kermanshah, Jafarabad and Dolatabad among them, 384 people were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling method using the Cochran formula with the assumption of maximum variance and 95% confidence interval. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Validity of the scales provided by the formal method and their reliability confirmed by Cronbach's Alpha measure.

According to the results of this study, violent behaviors are common among the marginalized youth of Kermanshah. Violence occurs in most cases at night and at home, and is more targeted towards family members. The rate of violence among boys is higher than that of girls. In addition, there is a positive and strong relationship between the degree of violence and the experience of child abuse.

The study showed that in the marginal areas of Kermanshah, social failure and socialization are mutually reinforcing and help create harsh characters. Violence is practicable where power distribution is unequal. The family is where age and gender inequality exist. Therefore, according to the dominant norms, it is possible to impose the violent behavior of parents on children and men on women. But women are not completely powerless in the family. Based on socially acceptable norms, mothers as primary educators have the right to direct children. They train aggressive children under the guise of discipline. These children, as soon as they reach social legitimacy as brothers or husbands combine the pressures from the deprivation of economic and social with childhood learned violence and brutalize female members of the family. Therefore, in a situation of deprivation and the pressure caused by marginalization, the family creates a two-way relationship with violence. On the one hand, unequal power relations in the family and the legitimacy of violence by parents, which themselves are under the influence of social failure, are the basis for the cultivation of violent people and on the other hand, most violent behaviors are oriented towards family members.

Today, entrepreneurship is recognized as a key factor for growth and development. It is also regarded as a multidimensional concept with economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects. Various studies indicate that public participation in the form of NGOs is an essential factor for the development of entrepreneurship in the area of environment and the reduction of effects caused by lack of attention to this area in developing countries. The purpose of the present study is presenting a theoretical model and identifying the effective organizational factors on entrepreneurship development of NGOs that are active in the Iranian environment field.

In the related literature, environmental entrepreneurship has been referred to in different forms including green entrepreneurship (Taylor & Walley, 2003; Schaper, 2002), ethical entrepreneurship (Taylor & Walley, 2003), and environmental entrepreneurship (Keogh & Polonsky, 1998). The term “environmental entrepreneurship” is comprised of the words environment and entrepreneurship which indicates the creation of innovative businesses that produce environmentally friendly products and services. Environmental entrepreneurship also involves the environmentalists’ market who are active in the field not only for profit, but also for its strong, substantial, and green values. Environmental entrepreneurship is a combination of strong environmental and social values with active entrepreneurship outlooks (Gibbs, 2009). Volery (2002) defines environmental entrepreneurship as environmental accountability in entrepreneurship. Isaak (2002) believes that environmental entrepreneurship is an objective form of business behavior which is committed to sustainability. Environmental entrepreneurship is considered as an act of entrepreneurship which helps conserve the natural environment (Schaper, 2005; Pastakia, 1998). Businesses in environmental entrepreneurship are carried out based upon sustainability principles (Kirkwood & Walton, 2010). The phenomenon is distinct from social entrepreneurship which emphasized the social welfare of the society (Zahra, Gedajlovic, Neubaum, & Shulman, 2009). Environmental entrepreneurship also differs from sustainability entrepreneurship which unifies the three major pillars of sustainable development, i.e. social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Tilley and Young (2009) argue that sustainability entrepreneurship ventures beyond environmental and social entrepreneurship and incorporates a vast domain of sustainability-related dimensions.

The present qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 12 experts in the area of NGOs and environment management. To ensure the reliability and validity of interviews, more interviews were required according to the experts’ comments. Therefore, 4 NGO managers in the field of environment were interviewed and theoretical saturation was achieved. Following open and axial coding, the main, axial and secondary factors which influence entrepreneurship organizational factors of NGOs that are active in the field of environment in Iran were identified. These factors include organizational objectives, administrative capabilities of NGOs, organizational culture, organizational resources, the maturity level of technology in organizations, organizational process, communication with external organization networks, organizational structure, organizational strategies, and knowledge management. Furthermore, the results obtained from other studies in the area of entrepreneur companies confirm the accuracy of the results of the present study.

The results of this study are consistent with those of Judge, Liu‐Thompkins, Brown, Pongpatipat (2015) and Petty, Zang (2011) in the context of the role of research and development units, formation of virtual networks, communication with external networks, and knowledge management. Moreover, the results are also consistent with findings of Petty and Zang (2014) and Bojica, Fuentes (2012) with respect to the Concerning organizational components, there is no mention of the maturity level of NGO technology in any of the researchers' researches and is considered as a research innovation.

 Given the results of the study, the strengthening of the organizational and spiritual objectives of NGOs in different sections along with their public interest purposes are recommended; special attention should also be paid to the economic purposes of NGOs. In order for the majority of NGOs to achieve success, it is recommended that a particular attention be paid to the administrative capabilities of NGOs active in the area of environment. Moreover, there should be a focus on the improvement of administrative styles, management experiences of NGOs, the level of knowledge and preparedness of environment management, values and beliefs of NGO management, management’s degree of enthusiasm towards entrepreneurship, factors related to the levels of preparedness and recognition of the market and business atmosphere of NGO management, sustainable network building, interactions, access to management resources, and the extent of time allocated to the voluntary works of management in NGOs. Additionally, special attention must be made to organizational culture at NGOs via improving the experience and background of the organization, prompting teamwork and value creation culture in organization, developing innovation culture and focusing on normative structures of NGOs and the resolution of single issues, increasing the level of accountability culture and concerns over social affairs and raising the maturity level of the organization culture, internal trust building within the organization and the employment of guides in NGOs. On the other hand, organizational resources should be reinforced in NGOs; Therefore, financial, human and information resources along with the social capital and social resources of NGOs should be increased as well.Attention should be paid to the maturity level of organization. This is possible by increasing the level of technology readiness in NGOs. Emphasis on the improvement and design of organizational process in NGOs through reforming the research and development process, communication with external organizational networks via creating real and virtual communication networks, social networks among homogenous groups, chain networks of value NGOs and communication with networks and government organization institutions, preventing accurate organizational structure of NGO case to prevent bureaucracy, adoption of organization strategies through adopting innovation and development strategies are done; it is recommended for entrepreneurship development in NGOs.

Graffiti is a new form of popular art which is particularly taken into consideration in terms of its association with micro-cultures, the youth, and street arts in metropolitan cities. Graffiti is also considered as way through which various communities express their beliefs and views. Essentially, graffiti is an action within the urban environment. Urban life is regarded as the birthplace of many artistic, musical, and cultural movements which is not coincidence. Undoubtedly, graffiti is an interaction between the artist and the city; the graffiti artist takes something from the city and would, in turn, add something else to it.In Iran, common forms of graffiti date back to a long time ago, nearly equal to that of modern urbanization. Contrary to the past, the new function of graffiti in Iran is more closely associated with its critical, micro-cultural application. In fact, graffiti in Iran can be considered as a type of resistance logic that responds critically to social events. Graffiti does not react indifferently to social events that unfold daily throughout urban communities and assumes certain stances. The present study is an investigation of how daily social events are represented by graffiti in Isfahan city; moreover, it is attempted to indicate the explicit or implicit meanings behind such representations.

There are two completely different views with respect to graffiti; On one hand, graffiti is regarded as a form of popular street art that can reflect daily critical and protest-related themes. On the other hand, it is considered as a criminal action in which the symbolic realm of cities is violated. In this study, the former view is the theoretical hypothesis; accordingly, graffiti is a form of popular street art that reflects social, political, and cultural themes, while such a process as well as the nature of representation can influence the real social life of citizens. As pointed out by Hal (2007), representation is essentially an ideological action present in power relations. Conflicts between different levels of power and ideologies could well be observed in such representations, particularly in the reflection of daily life in graffiti.On one side, there is a power with a legal-urban nature that regards graffiti as a crime and prevents its realization; yet on the other side, there is an artistic-social power which considers graffiti as a popular art and attempts to oppose the legal-urban power. Such clashes are present in a more encrypted manner in graffiti itself along with a set of related represented themes. Nevertheless, according to Hal (2007), the essence of representation is ideological at its core and is related to power. Alternatively, representation highlights the relations among language, meaning, and culture. Through this perspective, graffiti can be regarded as a social action that enters power and ideology relations as a meaningful and cultural aspect that makes use of linguistic codes.

The method used in this study is content analysis. Content analysis is a method for identifying, analyzing, and reporting the patterns existing within qualitative data. The total population of the study included the entire works of graffiti across Isfahan city since 2014 until 2018, designed by Isfahani graffiti artists. Overall, 9 works of graffiti was selected for analysis based on purposive sampling method. The obtained visual data were analyzed using semiotic analysis method, and particularly the mythical analysis put forth by Roland Barthes; in this method, images are analyzed at two levels including the linguistic level followed by the mythical level.

Given the analysis of the results obtained from the semiotic analyses of the selected graffiti, 8 main themes can be recognized in the context of the representation of daily events and social issues in graffiti. These social issues include economic corruption and embezzlement, Low-quality automobiles and deaths, virtualized demonstration of “self”, violence against women, demise of nature and destruction of communities, exposure of childhood to danger, materialization of knowledge, and cultural gestures.In addition to their critical stances, graffiti in Isfahan also offer identity-building meanings; such meanings can be investigated through two dimensions. First, it can be expressed that graffiti is transforming into a meaningful action for certain sections of the urban population of Isfahan. Many graffiti artists and citizens have a sense of meaning through the presence of such works. In fact, the “wall” has become a space to seek identity-related meanings. Britney (2010) also believes that for graffiti artists, the “wall” has become a field to make social communications and be present in the public area. Through a similar outlook, Campus (2013) concluded that graffiti for the youth acts as a complex strategy intended for managing identity and daily life. The second aspect is the integration of identity that is formed through works of graffiti in Isfahan. This confirms the findings of certain Iranian inquiries such as Jamali (2013).

It can be concluded that the conflict between legal-urban institutions and artistic-social power in Isfahan city which appear to be more intense compared to those of other Iranian cities has left little space to design and implement the art of graffiti in Isfahan. However, the representation of issues and themes can be observed in works of graffiti across Isfahan city which are of a critical, protesting stance against certain social issues and at the same time are in line with solidarity with important, daily social events of Isfahan which somehow contributes to social integration. As a result, given the fact that graffiti in Isfahan is transforming into a source of identity building, particularly among teenagers and young adults, urban managers should not overlook their alarming or integrating messages. Problems and issues conveyed through urban graffiti should be recognized, reread, and analyzed so as to ensure a safe space were pressures, boredom, and potential protests concealed under the skin of the city can be expressed.

Music consumed in the Iranian society is devoid of any local or authentic origins. The growth of new types of music appears to be in harmony with changes that has occurred in the lifestyle of individuals and subsequently, their taste, especially among the youth. According to North and Hargreaves, studies conducted on musical priorities (consumption) suggest that these priorities must be linked to different types of lifestyle choices; they concluded that there are numerous relations between various dimensions of lifestyles and musical preferences. The types of these relations are somewhat consistent with previous studies on taste publics in which high culture and low culture are differentiated (North & Hargreaves, 2007, p. 197). Certain researchers (Cockrill, Sullivan, & Norbury, 2011) believe that the extent of music consumption results from the lifestyle of the youth, both in qualitative and quantitative terms. As a result it appears that lifestyle plays a significant role in the type and extent of the youth’s music consumption. Accordingly, the research question is: How and why lifestyle affects music consumption in the Iranian society?

In Bourdieu’s theory, “habitus” is a central concept that explains lifestyles as the systematic products of habitus (Bourdieu, 2012). According to Bourdieu, “homogeneity of habitus in a certain group is the basis for different lifestyles in a society” (Bonnewitz, 2012). Habitus influences lifestyle formation through taste, and in turn, taste acts as signs of class (Bourdieu, 2012). He believes that nothing that can show one’s class except for their musical taste (Bourdieu, 2012). Needless to say, he also believes that habitus itself is influenced by different types of capital.

The method used in this study was surveys. The total population of the study included the youth (between the ages of 15-29) living in Tehran out of whom, a sample population of 384 and ultimately 400 was estimated using multistage cluster sampling. The main hypotheses include: 1. there appear to be a significant statistical relation between different types of capital, i.e. economic, social and cultural, and music consumption; 2. there appears to be a significant statistical relation between lifestyle (cultural consumption, body management, leisure time) and music consumption. To evaluate the validity and reliability of instruments and measures, formal validity and Cronbach’s alpha were employed, respectively.

The findings of the study showed that: a. the higher the economic capital, the more Western and pop music are consumed; and b. the higher the real social capital, the more pop music is consumed; meanwhile, the higher the virtual social capital, the more traditional and religious music are consumed. Additionally, c. the higher the cultural capital, the more traditional music is consumed. 4. Higher extent of cultural consumption results in a higher extent of listening to traditional music; 5. There is no relation between body management and music consumption (except for traditional); 6. The longer the duration of leisure time, the more traditional and pop music are consumed.

Bivariate explanations show that contrary to the initial assumption, the lifestyle of the youth does not affect their tendency towards new music; there are other causes and mechanisms at work. Multivariate explanations also revealed that cultural capital affects the lack of consuming new types of music more than others. In both explanations, the relation between economic capital and Western music was confirmed. This shows that cultural and economic capital involve contradictory roles in the consumption of new (inauthentic) music: economic capital facilitates their consumption while cultural capital restricts it. The results of this study are to some extent consistent with those of Fazeli, Ghasemi, and Samim.Nevertheless, why is there no apparent connection between the lifestyle of the youth and new (non-traditional) music? It appears that the youth have precise information on the Western lifestyles through mass communications in a variety of ways; accordingly, these individuals who enjoy a relatively high income from their families would create their new special lifestyle through the integration of the Western lifestyle with theirs.In this new lifestyle, income plays a role of utmost importance. Their parents’ income (or their own) enables them to act effectively in shaping their own lifestyle. Income level is very effective in shaping different aspects of capital; and these different aspects themselves are considerably influential in shaping various components of lifestyle (cultural consumption, body management, and leisure). Consequently, as Bourdieu suggested as well, capitals play effective roles in determining lifestyle through habitus and class-related tastes within each field; in turn, lifestyle also plays an effective role in indicating the extent and type of music consumption.
 

Achieving industrial development is impossible without recognizing the factors that decelerate or accelerate its pace. One of these factors is the role played by bureaucracy which may have a number of conflicting effects on the industrial development of a society. In certain developing countries, bureaucracy has improved the socioeconomic conditions of societies and facilitated and accelerated the accumulation of capitals while in other cases, it has resulted in the decline of economic resources and has been transformed into a grave barrier against industrial development. Subsequently, the present study seeks to examine the relation between bureaucracy and industrial development in a number of different countries during the period of 1996-2012 in order to identify how bureaucracy affects industrial development.

Given the considerable impacts of bureaucracy on industrial development of different societies, the present study seeks to offer a comparative-quantitative analysis of the relation between the two using and institutional approach. In general, two types of governments are recognized in the institutional approach which include:The Developmentalist Government: A government in which there is a combination of both independency from the society and dependency on the society.The Predator Government: As the opposite of the developmentalist government, this type of government involves lack of lawfulness, precedence of relations over regulations, large gap between political and social powers, and absence of judicial coherence; in this case, everything is available for trade, the government cannot prevent each and every authority from seeking their own personal objectives, and the only sources of solidarity are relations (Habibi, 2010).The theorists of the developmentalist government include figures such as Peter Evans, Adrian Left Vich, Richard Askolar, Keith Griffin, and Terry Makneli. In this regard, Evans and Vich have had a significance influence on the concept and the theoretical foundations were derived from their views.

The present study was conducted using the comparative-quantitative method in which unbalanced panel and periodic data were used; each period involves 5 years during which countries were examined as the unit of analysis. Consequently, using the secondary analysis technique, first the valid data related to the variables of study were collected for an extensive spectrum of countries (all the countries with data related to the variables of the study); then, it was attempted to address the relation between bureaucracy and industrial development during the period of 1996-2012.

The results of the study suggest that there is a positive, significant relation between regularity and industrial development in the examined countries; in other words, the more public and private institutions and organizations behave according to order and regulations, the more said society would be successful in achieving industrial development. The results also showed a significant relation between the sovereignty of the law, corruption control, the size of the government, and industrial development in the countries under examination. Finally, the findings of the study demonstrated that the efficiency of bureaucracy is influenced by a number of variables such as the government’s accountability, its size and regularity, sovereignty of the law, and efficiency and effectiveness of governance.

The present study was conducted to provide answers to the following question: Why has developing countries failed in their path towards industrial development, despite their adherence to the patterns and methods used by developed countries in line with achieving economic development?The analyses suggested the presence of a relation between bureaucracy and industrial development during a particular period; bureaucracy is effective when it is functional and efficient. According to the results of the study, this functionality and efficiency of bureaucracy is influenced by variables of institutional conditions such as government’s accountability, its size and regularity, sovereignty of the law, corruption control, and efficiency and effectiveness of governance.Suitable institutional conditions (government’s accountability, controlling its size and regularity, sovereignty of the law, corruption control, and efficiency and effectiveness of governance) have a positive effect on bureaucracy. In societies where such institutional conditions take form, bureaucracy can meddle and resolve problems including: 1. The mitigation of the lack of trust towards the government and the formation of an intimate relation between government and the people; 2. Reduction of embezzlement, corruption, etc.; 3. The existence of order among authorities and public institutions as well as a plan in line with achieving their purposes; 4. Concentration on the private sector, increasing employment in the private sector, and the reduction of governmental expenses; and 5. Optimized use of resources, etc. As a matter of fact, success towards achieving industrial development is attainable for governments that are accountable in the face of their people and inform them of issues regarding economic conditions among others; governments equipped with a strong judicial system along with powerful laws; governments that follow their plans with order towards achieving their purposes; governments that do their best in using natural and human resources; governments that prevent the expansion of their size through providing employment conditions at other sectors; and finally, governments that take substantial actions in line with corruption control and mitigation and manage to lower the extent of corruption within public and private organizations. In addition, success in providing suitable institutional conditions is possible for those societies that involve suitable norms, behaviors, and structures.

The concept of economic sociology and its development goes back to the late 19th century, when the social sciences were created as an academic discipline and the founders of social sciences such as Weber, Durkheim and Simmel developed the boundaries of this discipline. In the 1980s, Granovetter historically divided economic sociology into two periods in his article "Old and New Economic Sociology: A History and Agenda." Using this distinction in his various works, Swedberg divided economic sociology into two old and new histories and introduced Granovetter as the pioneer of the new economic sociology. This classification of economic sociology has become popular among economic sociology researchers. In this formulation, neo-Marxist economic sociologists and various fields of sociology are not considered in the formation and development of this field. In this paper, we have tried to extract concepts that exist in theories of neo-Marxist economic sociology and can be useful in analyzing economic behaviors and institutions and linking them to conventional economic sociology. The purpose of this article is to introduce neo-Marxist economic sociology as one of the theoretical traditions in the field of economic sociology.

The analysis of the views of new economic sociologists shows that economic sociologists have been less concerned with analyzing the reproductive structures of the capitalist system, and most of all have been examining the economic practice of network, firm, and market analysis. In other words, economic sociologists have been active within the framework of the capitalist system and have failed to expand the critical sociology of capitalism. The analysis of the dynamics and reproduction of capitalism has been neglected. Neo-Marxist economic sociology has attempted to explain the relations of production, class relations, class status, and the deformation of economic institutions and, consequently, of exploitation in various forms of capitalism. Marxist economic sociologists have mostly analyzed the dynamics and reproduction of capitalism and examined the status of classes under monopoly capitalism.

Documentary research has been used to answer the research question. The technique of gathering the data needed for analysis, themes and recurring concepts in the works of economic sociology.

The neo-Marxist economic sociology approach has made important strides in complementing the field of economic sociology in general and has provided new insights in this area, including:The sociology of capitalist firm: The approach of neo-Marxist economic sociology calls into question the principle of complete competition. According to this approach, monopoly economics should be considered instead of competitive economics. In the new economy there is much less competition between capitalists and producers than in the past, and the type of competition is different. Competition is about selling, not price. Baran and Sweezy (1966) have called this kind of competition a growing rationality. 2. The Problem of Action and its Motives: The approach of the neo-Marxist economic sociology questions the principle of maximizing the profits of economics. Nineteenth-century individual capitalist action sought to maximize the profit in the short run, while corporate executives sought to sacrifice short-term profit for long-term profit. 3. Analyzing corporate economic management and the type of interaction with the workforce is an important part of the achievements of the neo-Marxist economic sociology approach. 4. Workflow: Analyzing the status of the workforce, including blue-collar workers and office workers (white-collar) in large corporations, and the labor and employment skills under the monopoly capitalist system is another important point to be analyzed in this approach. The discussion of skills in the new society is one of the most challenging issues that cannot be addressed without a neo-Marxist economic sociology approach. 5. The absorption of economic surplus by the social institutions governing society and its results is an important issue in the field of economic sociology that has been considered and analyzed in this approach and can be discussed in the field of economic sociology.

The revival of sociological Marxism in the 1970s has had a profound effect on American sociology. In some specialized fields of sociology, this revival has had more effects, including in the fields of economics and sociology. The effects of neo-Marxist economic sociology have not only been at the macro level but also at the micro level with the initiative of authors such as Elaine Wright and Elster (2000). A more useful analysis can be made by combining neo-Marxist economic sociology and economic sociology. By reinforcing market-oriented thinking and neoclassical economic theory, neo-Marxist economic sociologists and other economic sociology researchers who are influenced by Weber's, Durkheim's, and Simmel's views can achieve a common goal of criticizing market fundamentalism. Marxist economic sociology, with its critiques of various forms of capitalism and the neoclassical view of economics, can be a complement to theories of economic sociology. The neglect of neo-Marxist analyzes renders economic sociology reductive. Marxist analyzes of economics, especially those more closely linked to sociology, must be taken seriously in economic sociology because it is essential for economic sociology.

In sociology, art is regarded as a social phenomenon and a qualitative affair; it is considered as a historical construct which is intertwined with other aspects of human social life. During the course of history, art and works of art have always had a superior value in every society. Examination into art has been substantially important to researchers as well. Given the industrialization of societies, emergence of modernity and empowerment of capitalists systems in the world, focus on the market, commodification, and monetary exchanges between societies, the field of arts has also witnessed a number of vast changes. As cultural actors and artistic narrators, music educators are responsible for training the future generation and transferring their art to impending eras; to realize their thoughts and ideas, these artists would put forms, shapes, and various principles into test. Subsequently, conventions and aesthetic principles are born out of these experiences, explorations of form, and the use of different materials. The history of arts demonstrate the experiences of such artist. Accordingly, the present study seeks to offer theorization regarding the grounds for the emergence of the commodification of arts and the perceived implications of such commodification by art masters in Azerbaijan Sharghi using the phenomenology approach while following an inductive reasoning.

There is no predetermined theoretical framework in this study. However, sensitive theoretical concepts of the study are majorly influenced by theories surrounding phenomenology. A review of the background of the study shows that the majority of studies on musical arts have employed a quantitative approach. This variable-centered, mechanical method attempts to explain the causes and social implications using predetermined theoretical approaches, comparative-hypothetical arguments, elitist attitude, environment-centeredness and the adoption of ethical approaches. Musical consumption has been the subject of studies conducted on this field; it is ultimately believed that the consumption of cultural and artistic commodities are of substantial significance due to their higher universality and accessibility. Foreign studies have addressed the role and function of music in the everyday lives and outlooks of individuals towards music. Certain research activities have explored the impact of music on the behavior of individuals as well as the effects of musical genres on their lives. Meanwhile, other inquiries have focused on the identification of individuals and the emotional influence of different types of music on the youth. 

The present inquiry is an in-depth study conducted using the qualitative method; it is an applied study in which the phenomenology technique was employed. The unit of analysis in this study is individuals with whom interviews were conducted so as to gain an understanding of the individual’s perception and assessment of a particular subject. The population of the study included music maestros from Azerbaijan Sharghi. Participants included Iranian, Azerbaijani, and Western Classical music maestros who own credible music teaching institutions in Tabriz and other towns of Azerbaijan Sharghi or teach in those institutes in the summer of 2016. Considering the important purposes of the study, sampling was done among those who had spent the majority of their lives on music. Samples were selected using purposive and the snowball sampling. Given the theoretical saturation of the examined questions, interviews were conducted with 10 individuals.

The results of the study included three separate sections in terms of topic: In the first section, the contextual categories of the commodification of music were addressed. In the second section, the implication of this commodification were categorized. In the final section, the adaptability and the approaches adopted by maestros against the commodification of music were discussed.The results of the first section showed that underlying contexts of commodification in the field of music depend on the following categories: a) politicization and universality of art; b) absence of specialization and content removal; c) the clash between traditional and modern values; and d) arts as a means for exploitative marketing.The results of the second section demonstrated the implications of commodification of music which were categorized under the two following notions: Reduced perception of art in the audience and arts serving social objectives instead of the society.The results of the third sections presented the behavioral mechanisms of maestros with respect to the examined phenomenon and was addressed in two concepts including critical behaviors and conservative, essentialist behaviors in art.

Given the results of the study and its categorizations, two types of music that stand against each other were obtained. The first type is popular music which involves a reduced semantic load and musical levels and can be understood by the majority. The second type are content-centered and creative with high artistic values. Experts believe that the music of the first type is within the struggle of the market and commodification, and state the fact that the distribution of this type restricts the environment for the release of the second type. According to the findings, political platforms are also in line with such a movement in art and facilitate the commodification of music.Considering the results of the study, it appears that attention should be paid to political, cultural, and educational strategies to reduce cultural damages caused by the commodification of music. The government’s focus and supervision on the contents of distributed music within national media, prioritizing the identification of musical genres, and enhancing the public’s understanding of content-centered and technical music would decrease such a cultural recession. Paying attention to the individual contexts of artists for the allocation of strategies is of importance as well. To this end, there is a need for more strategies to support actors who have spent the majority of their lifetime in the music industry and have formulated incredible ideas in this area; the expansion and promotion of the works of these artist can transcend the artistic field and limit the prevalence of any form of vulgarity.

The reality of Iran's higher education system reflects the delay and backward path of universities in developed countries. What drives the scientific system to be ineffective and ineffective about faculty members as the main actors in this field is rooted in cultural issues that have been neglected for various reasons. Thus, in reality, the institutional university has become restless, constantly exposed to the changing, challenging, and exposed global institutional chaos that have evolved conceptually and paradigmatically. Hence there are some deterrent factors in managing the professional path of the members that will lead to some kind of traffic entropy in the current organization. The concept of job burnout has been introduced in the context of organizational behavior management. Occupational delamination first appeared in the organizational behavior literature (1977) and mainly refers to the failure of vertical and horizontal promotion in organizational hierarchies. "In this situation, the first question that comes to mind is whether this person wants to stay in the organizational position for the rest of his or her life. The name of this process can be called" a time to get rid of people ". Plateau occupation as construction, which is meaningful to faculty members, which in their view is influenced by some factors, is capable of forming, sustaining and changing, followed by qualitative research (method). Contextual Theory, Semantic System Investigate faculty members on the phenomenon of job burnout; According to the three main components, shaping the semantic system of faculty members about the blinking shield, practice - faculty interaction, and the implications associated with this action - interacting in the field, formulating a paradigm shift in the shackles The basis of this model is to present the basic data theory of this phenomenon in the context of the study.

Investigating the results of the research shows the low sense of belonging to the faculty (Ahadi, 2015), the low motivation to participate in university activities (Feizi, 2005); (Kazemipour, 1991, p. 12) ؛ Crises in the field of education, such as increasing content volume, graduated unemployed, increasing student numbers, ambiguity in student goals, lack or lack of effective drivers in students' cultural and scientific dynamics, change The relative position of education in universities and their disparity, incompatibility between education and environmental change, separation Education from research, dissertation status, etc. (Yemeni Dozi, 2012); lack of budget and lack of educational equipment; lack of enthusiasm for research and other job assignments; lack of interest in student affairs; Flexibility and the ability to keep up-to-date learning in the professional world are some of the factors that influence faculty members' dissatisfaction and occurrence. In other words, according to the deductive-hypothetical logic of quantitative method and hybrid strategy, a theory or a combination of theories as a theoretical framework for formulating hypotheses (explanatory-sequential strategy) or explaining factors related to the studied phenomenon (exploratory-sequential strategy) Can be.

The research method is a combination and sequential exploration strategy. In the qualitative phase of the research, the grounded theory method (systematic approach) was used and in the quantitative stage the survey method was used. The study population is faculty members of Tehran, Ahvaz and Yasuj universities. In the qualitative phase of the study, the sample size was 18 and in the quantitative phase 518. The sampling method in the qualitative stage is purposive-theoretical and in the quantitative stage is clustered. In the qualitative phase, the coding method was used for data analysis, and the structural equation modeling approach was used in the quantitative phase. The statistical population of the study consisted of all faculty members of the Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, University of Tehran, Shahid Chamran Ahvaz and Yasuj.

The findings of the qualitative phase of the research indicate that the faculty members' mentality about the phenomenon of career plateauing around a number of major categories and a core category called “Political - Security of Career Plateauing". The findings of the quantitative phase of the study indicate that the mean of occupational plateau variable and its dimensions are above average in the research population. Independent research variables have a relatively moderate ability to explain the variance of job offshore variables. In the empirical model of research variables include ignoring university standards, inappropriate policy and climate, job nature, individual characteristics, centralized and inefficient management and lack of scientific resilience. Directly and indirectly, through the mediating role of self-concept weakness, it affects the job load of faculty members.According to the qualitative phase findings, the phenomenon of job plateau around organizational conditions and mental attitude of actors is formed and persists, and the results of the quantitative phase of the study largely confirm the findings of the qualitative phase of the study and show that the independent variables of the research variable are 31% of the total. Explain job strain. Given the magnitudes of the effect size of the index, the coefficient of determination of this average value is estimated; in other words, the independent variables of the study are capable of explaining the variance of the faculty member's job fluctuation variable at a relatively moderate level. 2- The direct effect of ignoring university criteria, inappropriate policy and climate, job nature, centralized and inefficient management and lack of scientific resilience on job offshore was statistically significant (p <0.05). Indirect effect of ignoring university criteria, inadequate policy and climate, job nature, centralized and inefficient management was statistically significant (p≥0.05).

According to the findings of the qualitative and quantitative phase of research, universities are therefore a kind of scientific-cultural system in which the space for criticism, freedom of expression and scientific-research capitals is of special importance. Also in this subsystem, professional ethics is one of the most important requirements for the scientific growth and promotion of teachers. If faculty members are not aligned with university functions for whatever reason, their motivation for knowledge creation and professional development is reduced, although most people are frustrated (frustrated) but few people are. As a "star" and with high scientific motivation, they have been able to improve their scientific potential and continuous science and research on the potential of structural and content offshore through access to opportunities for non-organizational structural upgrading (regular scientific and research promotion) and And overcoming their own bio. These people seem to have the most concern about the unscientific situation of the universities which have expressed them in different terms. In fact, the better the working environment for faculty members, the less motivation and plateauing will be.