مجله هنر و تمدن شرق
پیاپی 27 (بهار 1399)

The city of Semnān, in the central part of the Iranian plateau, is one of the most significant examples of Iranian-Islamic cities in the medieval era. Its traditional water system, which still operates in most parts of the city represents a meaningful integration between urban structures and water infrastructures in Iranian cities. Recognizing the various aspects of this integration with the urban structure will lead us to understand the various facets of traditional water infrastructures in the Iranian urban structures, and more deeply to rethink the role of water infrastructures in the urban morphology of modern Iranian cities. By following the relations between the water infrastructure and biophysical as well as physical and spatial structure of the city, this article tries to highlight the various aspects of the integration between water infrastructure and the urban structures of Semnan. In this paper, the role of residential quarters in shaping the urban structures and water infrastructures formed the core of the research. By putting into question the role of the residential quarters in the urban structure as well as the water network structures, this paper tries to reread the integration between water infrastructures and urban structures through the social, cultural, juridical and economic relationships among and between the residential quarters in Semnan.

The Black Chad is a four-season residence, slightly adjusting to the changing seasons and climates of the region, in addition to observing the living conditions, taking into account the cultural and artistic aspects and adopting some form of original indigenous technology and innovation displays. Accordingly, to what extent did the most important research question, the cultural and social differences between the Kurdish nomadic and Bakhtiari tribes, have influenced the black shade of the tent? This study was conducted to identify the factors that make up this residential unit, the commonality and differences in morphology of the Black Tent between the two Kurdish tribes and Bakhtiari in the south of Ilam province and north of Khuzestan province and its impact on housing pattern and architectural structure. The data collection was based on library studies and field studies and the research method was classified and content analysis. The results show that black tents in the study area were influenced by climate factors, hospitality, happiness, protection and security, art and beauty. This difference in black hat shape is more influenced by the culture and geography of the area, although the cultural area is very close among the tribes, but there are differences in interior space divisions and in the size and structure of the black hat and the use of ornamentation and a black tribal view, Bakhtiari is more than Kurdish tribe.

The neighborhood is one of the most important constituents of the spatial organization of Iranian cities and as a conceptual geographical-historical location of the landscape. The neighborhood, as one of the focal points of social life and collective memories, has symbolic dimensions that require a careful study of its landscape. As one of the most important centers of civilization in northern Iran, Gorgan has diverse patterns and unique mix of neighborhoods. However, in the last century it seems that neighborhood-based living has suffered irreparable damage with the fundamental changes that have taken place through the physical interpretation of cities in the urban system. During this period, life-changing centers of the past that had profound implications for the lives of past and present inhabitants of the city were ignored and gradually led to a gradual disappearance of their lives. The first step in reviving Gorgan''s neighborhoods seems to be holistic recognition of all its spatial dimensions - natural and cultural - during this period. Landscape attitude as one of the approaches to an in-depth understanding of the physical and non-physical dimensions of place can be helpful in recognizing the spatial dimensions of Gorgan neighborhoods. Therefore, this study seeks to provide an analysis of the current status of neighborhood elements by identifying the landscape of Gorgan, expressing its landscape elements, as well as examining the evolutionary factors of these elements, and pathology.

Designers and weavers of Kashan carpets have used different themes in their works. some of these are in Includes religious, national, indigenous literature and etc. the aim of this study is to achieve the imagery aspects of the motifs in Kashan carpets. according to the Iconography method It tries to convey the concepts of visual concepts used in the carpet to the audience. Most of the motifs used in Kashan carpets have appeared in the same color as in the same colors of nature. but with the expansion of Iranian relations with the European countries during the Qajar period, the tendency of Kashan carpet designers to design and material and material development projects. 1. What are the imaging aspects of Kashan carpet? And 2What is the most important factor in creating patterns used in Kashan carpet especially Qajar era? The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in nature. Data collection was done through library (documentary) and field studies (in-person interviews with experts and experts) and The research results show that Looking at the roles of the carpets, Two sub - sets of roles Separate from each other Roles inspired by nature and the role of pure geometric and abstract elements Painting also has the greatest influence on the rug and the effects that have made visual carpets of the art of painting Unrealistic and exemplary spaces are the simplest and simplest types of carpet designs, and sometimes the carpet combinations have changed.

Cultural tourism intends to provide an opportunity for everyone to visit heritage sites and raise the public awareness of heritage values and to satisfy tourists with respect to the heritage’s authenticity and integrity. One of the most important areas affecting the environment, landscape and space of heritage sites is the tourism infrastructures.  The international references discussed about principles for cultural tourism development and refereed to infrastructures with recommendations and guidelines. But the development of built-environment infrastructures requires different guidelines and solutions to design architectural elements.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural tourism infrastructures and analyze the criteria related to the built environment and the architectural elements. It aims to identify the features associated with the architectural design.

This descriptive-analytical research firstly reviews the libraries resources and international references to identify the features related to development of infrastructures in world heritage sites. To this end, it focuses on the ICOMOS 1999 Cultural Tourism Charter specifically criteria related to the built environment and architectural design. It then reviews and evaluates thirty important national and world heritage sites in Iran to interpret the extracted attributes and analyze the properties associated with built experiences and long-term management.

Analysis of the features extracted from principles two, three and six of the ICOMOS Cultural Tourism Charter, focuses on how to provide tourism services and the creation of new structures and added buildings such as service and information buildings, architectural elements such as signage and guarding, shells and installations such as temporary roofs, and furniture and equipment such as benches or lightning. The findings from field surveys indicate that the functional and service aspects of the infrastructures are essential and top priority. But the visual aspect of extensions and their impact on landscape integrity and in particular facilities and equipment require the presence of designers, careful implementers, and long-term monitoring-sensitive management. This feature in some of the surveyed sites require revision.

The development of tourism infrastructures requires principles such as reversibility, distinction from the setting, durability, and adaptability for long-term conservation of valuable cultural heritage sites.

The city of Gorgan is a model of historic urbanization in the north of the country. The landscape of this city has a different identity compared to the desert cities of central Iran, which makes it different. The necessity of this research is that the historical texture of Gorgan city has been refurbished without regard to the concept of identity in the past years as a result of this process of its identity being destroyed and the architecture and urbanization of the city expanding and expanding instead. It is. This study seeks to answer the following questions: What are the factors or factors involved in the formation of Gorgan's urban identity? And how can the effect of disregarding these factors be interpreted in the process of renovating the historical fabric of Gorgan? The present study is a descriptive-analytical one and the method of gathering information to answer the questions includes both library method and field observation method. The most important results of this study are that urban landscape identity is influenced by climatic and regional indicators that are crystallized in urban landscape components and neglecting these factors in urban landscape can lead to It will lead to a loss of sense of place and belonging of the inhabitants.