فصلنامه راهبرد اقتصادی
پیاپی 30 (پاییز 1398)

The Savings Bank deposit account is one of the monetary instruments and initiatives of the monetary law in the design of which the economic, cultural and religious purposes of the money market legislator and policy maker have been considered. Of course, what was desirable to the monetary supervisor and the people regarding the operation of this deposit is not fully realized. This study seeks to examine the multilateral challenges posed by savings deposits. In the first step, by selecting and reviewing library resources, the challenges posed by researchers in this field in recent years are coded and categorized into five categories: legal, regulatory, cultural, operational, economic and religious. In the next step, in order to complete the components influencing the research, the  experts of this field were identified and their views on the importance of the challenges in this account were received and discussed in the focal group along with the findings of the Hybrid Method, followed by the selected collection and collection challenges. With experts, a Likert spectrum questionnaire was designed to assess the importance of each of them from the perspective of experts. Finally, the 11 indicators questioned in the Expert Questionnaire were validated using the partial least squares (PLS) method and the relationships between them were examined and the validity of each of the challenges of the savings deposit.

In respect of dominant role of government public costs in Iran’s economy, forecasting accuracy of that and its evaluation has a high degree of importance. In this research, based on various statistic, both summary statistics and aggregate statistics, forecasting accuracy of first statude and second statude of Forecasting Error of Government Public Costs are evaluated over the period 1353-1392. Then, stochastic and determined components of forecasting error of these errors are obtained. Afterwards, the forecasting errors effects on price level and inflation in Iran are investigated by Vector Error Correction Model. The results of research indicate that considerable part of forecasting error of public costs are determined and correctable. Moreover, negative part of forecasting errors of expense element of government’s budget have significant and positive effect on price level and inflation in Iran.

Conventional money and the current monetary system are the results of changes in the economic needs of humankind throughout history as well as the result of a major diversion in the transition of economic developments. The Triangle of Fiat Money, Fractional reserve banking, and the Monopoly of Production and Creation money by the Government or the Central Bank, and consequently the Banking System causes Creating Unlimited Liquidity (Super Currency), Government Debt Crisis, Stagnation, Inflation and Stagflation, the manipulation of value of money, currency wars between governments, injustice and its unfortunate social consequences, and uncertainty that indicates a lot of deficiencies in the standard currency and monetary system, as well as the need to review and create Honest money. This research has taken a special place by using the ethics approach in the production and creation of money, which in recent decades has been a subset of the literature on ethics in economics as one of the missing links of economics, while historically inducing money and illustrating the process of monetary change Utilizing the method of historical materialism, Philosophical Realism, Ethical criterion of Honest money, introduces a standard structure for money and the monetary system.

In this research, a study was conducted to compare the effect of monetary and fiscal policies on total unemployment and unemployment of university graduates during the years 1974 to 2013 and using the autoregressive distributed lag</em> method(ARDL) to estimate the short-run, long-run and error correction models. To measure the impact of economic policies in terms of the model lag in the two types of total unemployment and graduates, and how to correct the model in the long run. Experimental results show that in the long run, a unit of Monetary base growth reduces graduates' unemployment rate by by 6.06% while reducing the total unemployment rate by 9.65%. Also, the one-unit growth in government spending reduces graduates' unemployment by 5.89% and the total unemployment rate by 3.58%. Meanwhile, growth of a private investment in machinery unit reduces graduates' unemployment by 11.43% and total unemployment by 0.26%. And sanctions are also contributing to jobless graduates and total unemployment, due to damages to the economy with coefficients of 3.06 and 0.134, respectively.

Charity is one of the religious practices in Islam and can perform various functions such as poverty alleviation and inequality reduction in a high-capacity Islamic financial system. However, a large amount of this capacity has not yet been used, perhaps due to a lack of studies on the motivations of the donors. The present study is a field study that examines the demographic variables and motivations of people in charity in Abdanan city of Ilam province with a focus on religiosity aspects. The sample size of this study was 370 persons. After collecting data, factors affecting participation in charity and its amount were analyzed using Heckman two-stage model. In this model, first, the factors affecting charity and non-charity are investigated and then in the second stage, the factors affecting the rate of payment among donators are evaluated. The results of this study showed that at 95% confidence level, among the variables studied, variables of charity statehood, type of job (public or private), commitment to obligatory acts and inviolable ordinances of God, and the amount of performing public rituals in the first stage affect participation in charity.  Also, in the second stage and among those who donate, the variables of belief in productivity and profitability of charity, belief in satisfaction of charity, moral integrity and the amount of performing social rituals, affect the  amount of charity.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of positive and negative shocks of exchange rate on domestic prices using seasonal data for Iran during (1969-1396: 4) and applying the Nonlinear Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag( NARDL) model to analyze the asymmetric exchange rate pass-through to domestic prices considering the depreciation and appreciation of the national currency. The results of the NARDL model show that positive and negative exchange rate shocks have asymmetric effects on price indices in the Iranian economy, so that in the long run negative exchange rate shocks are unable to influence all four price indices, but positive exchange rate shocks have a positive and significant impact on the three indices (consumer price index, producer price index and import price index) in the long run, but it has no significant effect on export price index. Also, in the short run, positive shocks have a positive and significant impact on consumer, import and export price indices, but negative shocks in the short run have no significant effect on these indicators. The producer price index also responds positively to both positive and negative shocks in the short run, so that negative shocks have a greater impact on producer price index (in the short run) than positive shocks.