پژوهشنامه تاریخ های محلی ایران
سال هشتم شماره 15 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

Nahavand a city in western Iran and is now a part of the province hamadan. Nahavand due to attractions the agricultural boom and other natural has attracted attention Qajar rulers and princes; if this became a good income accruing to them. Qajar Iran was a process that by giving states and provinces rule to princes began during Fath Ali Shah. Princes increase and their community in the capital may provide that the risks to the central government. Therefore, these princes as ruling was sent to the states and provinces. Years 50-1229H.q three of the princes were deployed in nahavand and the government took province. in neighboring provinces Nehāvand were other princes rule. Establishment of the province was caused clashes between them in those areas, so that the social and political situation troubled in the provinces. These paper intends to review the results transfer States to Qajar princes in the province nahavand .

 The long history of Iran-Ottoman relations witnesses various conflicts and the conclusion of numerous treaties. The second Erzrum agreement was concluded on 1 June 1847 between the two countries. Based on third article of the treaty, a common commission of four countries should be formed and set up delimitation between two countries with field investigation. The Ottoman delegation, headed by Darwish Pasha, on the way to the mission to join the commission, before reaching Baghdad, raided the Iranian realm and occupied Qotur. This aggressively action so near formation of delimitation commission has become an important controversy between Iran and the Ottoman. Firstly Iran condemned Darwish Pasha's action and wanted mediators to take responsibility for the elimination of aggression. Occupation of Qotur lasted exactly thirty years, and eventually the Berlin Congress confirmed Iran's legitimacy, and the Ottoman government was forced to return Qotur to Iran. About the the occupation of Qotur and especially the actions of Mirza Ja'far Khan Moshir al-Dawlah during the three years of delimitation mission, no independent research has been carried out yet. The present study, with the historical method and descriptive-analytical approach, relying on the documents, in particular Iran’s Foreign Affairs’ documents answers these questions: What was the Qotur's position and strategical significance? Why was this area occupied by the Ottoman Empire on the eve of the formation of delimitation commission? What was the Iran's politicians actions, especially Mirza Ja'far Khan Moshir al-Dawlah, as Iranian delegate to the delimitation Commission against the occupation of Qotur?

 Khuzestan has been one of the most developed parts of Iran and the capital of strong dynasties in different periods, but during the Qajar period it did not have any effect on its ancient development and this area had many problems. The history of civilization, the fertility of the land, the good weather and the way to the coast of the Free Sea are features that make thinking of the destruction of the situation in that period. The author tries to answer this question with the aim of identifying the political and social status of Khuzestan in the Nazarene period and using the "analytical descriptive" approach and using the "library" and "documentary"

What factors contributed to the deterioration of Khuzestan's situation during Naser al-Din Shah? It is assumed that two categories of factors have caused political and social changes in Khuzestan: First, local factors such as tribal performance and the behavior of local rulers and other interventions of European colonists. This study shows that the performance of the Qajar government and the intervention of foreigners prevented the development of this area, and overcoming tribal life and inappropriate behavior of government officials, have been the political and social problems of Khuzestan in the Nazarene era.

The establishment of constitution and the gradual steps in lack of the power of the central government led to the emergence of local powers with the tribe backing up in different parts of Iran. Bagherkhan A'zam-al- Saltaneh, the head of Kakavand Tribe is one of those who, relying on his own tribes, became one of the major powers in Kermanshah and Lorestan, and played a role in the political relations of the west of the country. Lak- spoken tribe of Kakavand, who had no place in the political equations of the west of the country before the Constitutional Revolution, With the establishment of the Constitutional Revolution under the leadership of azam-al-saltaneh. This research with a descriptive-analytical approach, based on archival documents, search for answer the question of how the Azam-al-Saltaneh of Kakavand became one of the powers of the western region of Iran and What was his position in the late Qajar political developments (Salar- al-Dawleh rebellion and World War I)? The results of this study show that Kakavand tribe chief, through the weakness of the central government and the creation of insecurity in the region, was able to enter political relations in order to gain power and consolidate his government in Harsin and preside over Kakavand Tribe. He fought the Salar -al-Dawleh rebellion in accompany with contumacious prince of Qajar against the Constitutional government. On the other hand, he was one of the allies of the temporary government in the war against Russian Intruders in Iran.

Kermanshah was one of the most densely populated areas of royal property in the period of Qajar and First Pahlavi. The main issue of this paper is the clarify of why and how of the form of the royal ownership and the consequences of this type of ownership, on the farming of the Kermanshah region during the first Pahlavi period. The main purpose of the paper is to explain the causes and factors of the emergence and appearance of the royal estate in Kermanshah, during the first Pahlavi period. The present research approach is qualitative. The data were collected from library and library resources based on purposeful sampling and they were analyzed using grounded theory. The findings of the research showed that the main causes and factors were as the following: "Ancient Perspective of Ideology," "The collapse of the Islamic system", "Forces", "Modern system of modernity" and "Basic principles of agriculture", in the formation of the phenomenon of royal property in Kermanshah. The main results and implications of the phenomenon of royal estates in Kermanshah include: changing the pattern of agricultural and commercial development, establishing agricultural schools and specialized knowledge of land exploitation, establishing Shahabad sugar mill (Islamabad), Damming, developing irrigation network and agricultural mechanization

Reza Shah ruled over Iran for 16 years (1925- 1941). The fundamental shift in the status of land ownership system was, in comparison with previous eras, the most important feature of the era of his reign. Such an extensive shift was unprecedented before Reza Shah’s reign. As a matter of fact, land, land ownership, and landlord classes played very important roles in sociopolitical developments of previous eras. However, Reza Shah did not have landlord ancestors. Due to the extensiveness of Reza Shah’s lands and properties, the Office of Royal Properties was established in order to handle the affairs of these properties. Initiatives associated with the activities of Office of Royal Properties resulted in some modernizations in northern regions of Iran, especially in Mazandaran Province; nevertheless, these initiatives led to severe violation of people’s rights in those regions. The present research is focused on specifying Reza Shah’s motivations and methodologies which enabled him to seize and register extensive properties in Mazandaran for himself during his reign.

Saravan city socio-political situation during Qajar and Pahlavi dynasties is one of the major issues in the contemporary history of Iran which has been less studied. Saravan is one of the southeastern cities of Iran which got the attention of European countries during their competition over the control and domination of India. The importance of Saravan in the contemporary era has mostly appeared during the determination of Balochistan border since disagreements over the ownership of Kuhak and Esfandak areas was one of the subject matter since disagreements over the ownership of Kuhak and Esfandak areas was one of the subject matter that made Iran and Britain negotiations difficult. After 21 February 1921 coup d'état and subsequent formation of the regular army, the government partially realized Balochistan. After eradication of the local governments by Reza Shah in Balochistan to prevail security and order barracks gradually were created. The main question of the current research is that what was the role of Saravan in the socio-political occurrence, border disputes and Iran's delineation in the Qajar and Pahlavi periods? The findings of this study indicate that the borderline and geographic location of Saravan area and adjacent to the Indian subcontinent and socio-political relationships have been very important for the British government. Furthermore,

The fourty'th decade of IRAN`s contemporary economic history is known as the golden decade of industrial growth and privatization. One of the industries that had a great progress, as well as the global technology, in this decade was the glass industry. At the end of the decade, The Qazvin Glass Factory eventually became one of the three large Iranian glass factories, which played a role in economic developments. This inductive research, tries to have a survey at the case of the Qazvin Glass Factory, as an example, to answer the question that after the economic crisis of the 3ths, how the government and private sector cooperate to build a glorious decade for the country`s economy. It seems that the new decision makers have realized that the way to rescue is to create a coherent map of the general economy and make opportunities for economic investors. For this reason, they have paved the way for the growth of nongovernmental industries by reforming the rules by recruiting decent people. In the meantime, optimistic and well-trained people use the conditions and played their role as an entrepreneur as well aspossible. In this research, we appliedAnalytical-descriptive method, relying to historical documents, oral history and library resources.

In the last decade of Qajar rule, due to the presence of Ottoman citizens and the extensive transfer of citizenship from Shahbandari to Kurdistan, it was considered as one of the most insecure provinces in Iran. In fact, the decisive support of the Ottoman government from its citizens and the problems brought about by them led to a situation in which even the commissions held for the settlement of border issues between the two countries in Kurdistan region, addressed the issue of citizen and it was accounted as commonplace issue at all meetings of the commission. But on the 15rd muharram in 1332/14 december 1913, Kurdistan official departments and its headquarters were attacked and looted simultaneously by some groups of people. Despite the wide presence of Ottoman citizens in the neighborhoods, the looted offices and houses, and its confirmation in local reports, the Ottoman government denied its citizens involvement in the incident and called looters Iranians. Regarding the above mentioned discussions, the question arise that what were the basic grounds and subsequent consequences of the attack on the Kurdistan government departments? The present article attempt to use the descriptive-analytical method and two research modes in the social history approach, namely, "techniques for enhancing the example quotation (resorting to certification of specialists)"and “comparable cases comparison”, to analyze the incident and the groups participating therein by drawing on the documents of the State Department (300 pages file) and the Organization of documents.

Khan Ahmad Gilani Khan (1538-1592) is the last ruler of Al-Kia in Gilan who was overthrown by Shah Abbas I in 1592 A.D for political, economic and religious reasons. The encounter of Safavid historians with the government of Al-Kia can be examined in three steps: at the first, they speak of Al-Kia respectfully due to refuge of Mirza Ismail to Gilan. In the second step that was coincident with the reign of Shah Tahmasp, historians gradually left behind the Al-Kia government as a result of some disputations between Tahmasp and Khan Ahmad and finally his imprisonment. And the third step was the time of Shah Abbas government and the overthrown of Al-Kia. Historical sources of this era tried to introduce Khan Ahmad as a guilty person in favour of Shah Abbas’ action and to support of Safavid dynasty. The present research intends to investigate the reasons of difference viewpoints in historical sources from Safavid era about the Character of Khan Ahmad Gilani Khan.

The present article intends to study the functioning and effective role of the Guilani tribes and their position in the military and political structure of the Sassanid era with an analytical approach based on Roman, Islamic and modern research on the Sassanid background. As the abundance of natural resources and obstacles from this land was built in an unbeatable way, so that only the natives of this land are able to discover it and live in Guilan. These environmental conditions have led to constant warlordism and special military skills throughout the history of DalaiLaman. Hence, the Sassanid kings attempted to use the Dylanian military in their foreign battles. However, the relations between the Sassanid kings and Guil Dilam's relatives were not based on tolerance, but the desire of the Sassanid kings to dominate the whole world and ignore the political dilemmas of the Sassanids caused them to confront these local governments. The findings of the research show that the Sasanians saw the Dilemians in the eyes of warriors whose domination and utilization in their military structure would strengthen their military capability. The research method is conducted in a historical and analytical way using library data.

The structure and organizational of Astan Quds at during the Qajar period, especially during the reign of Nasir al-Din Shah, was similar to that of the Safavid period and also, according to the instructions of Ali Shah petition in Afsharian period. This research seeks to investigate the distribution of Astan Quds offices and jobs in each of the sixth city neighborhoods of Mashhad, relying on the manuscript of the 'Ketabche Teadad Nefuse Arze Aqdas Va Shahre Mashhad Moqadas'. The manuscript was written in the kingdom of Nasir al-Din Shah and ordered by Mohammad Taqi Mirza Rokn al-Dawlah, the ruler of Khorasan and Sistan. This version is an interesting example of the information and statistics of the population and businesses of Mashhad during Nasir al-Din Shah, and shows the distribution of offices and jobs in Astan Quds in different neighborhoods of Mashhad. The research method in this study is an analysis of available data, which was analyzed using SPSS software. The results indicate a significant relationship between the dispersion of Astan Quds offices and jobs in the sixth district of Mashhad. This research shows that the number of high-ranking positions in the pyramid of the Astan Quds Organization is larger than the population in the Bala Khiaban and Sarab as a result of paganization and is much lower in the Paein Khiaban of the street, which was poorer.

The origin of the new  Iranian tribes originates in the common proto-Indo-European and Aryan era, who lived on a region known as the Pontic-Caspian and Kazakhastan (the Andronovo culture belongs to the Indo-Iranian tribes), and we can find out to their common heritage in spite of their separation from each other during several millennia. In this essay, it has tried to trace one of the old Indo-European beliefs in the Lur tribes who enumerate one of the noblest Iranian ones. On this score, it is compared the fire rituals among Indo-European and Indo-Iranians with those of fire among the Lurs. Having searched the rituals among lurs, we found the same rituals as the Indo-Europeans, Old Iranians and ancient Iranian texts.

With the issuance act of the constitution and the appointment mohammasalishah qajar the political situation of Iran entered a new phase of events and riots.One of the most important events of this period was the appearance and presence Salar-aldowle, the third'son of muzaffar-aldin shah, in the political scene of western part of the country. One of the areas that suffered a lot in this incident was Hamedan. This city which was located on the communication, commercial and business roads districts western of Iran was experienced consequences this destroyer presence with demolition, bloodbath, loot, famine and dissecurity. Why and how to presence the Salaraldowle in Hamedan and conjunction social – economic consequences in the 1325 and 1329 – 1331 is the main subject of this research that with metodic analytic and with uses of document trying to examine dimension this events. As for to the main issue of this research consequences shows that Hamedan although was not the main base in the attacks' Sallr-aldowle but the leitmotive plunder and the long establishment, bloodbath, loot by the kord and lore and kalhore and bakhtiari tribes and dissecurity caused by the bandit's attacks, destroyed the economic properity of the urban and rural areas. And the lack of social security has caused a irreparable damage in Hamedan region.

Galbaghi ​​tribe was one of the tribes of Ardalan family that settled in parts of Saral area from Safavid period onwards and it has gradually fallen into the context of historical developments. Galbaghi's caused insecurity in the area at various points and became a problem for local governors. The governors of Ardalan applied cross-cutting and Sectional policies to counter the Galbaghi's. But the coming of Reza Shah and the new centralized government in Iran was a turning point in Galbaghi's history and this government seeks to solve the problem of butterflies forever. In the present study, the history of Galbaghi ​​tribe from their beginnings to their forced migration by Reza Shah is studied. The purpose of this study is to explain the way of life of Galbaghi's and historical developments of Galbaghi tribe. The main question of the research is why Reza Shah's forced migration of Galbaghi's. This research is based on descriptive-analytical method. With the coming of the Pahlavi government and efforts to establish a new and permanent order in all parts of Iran, And adopting specific nomadic policies in this regard, It was necessary to make a decisive decision regarding the butterflies and their constant suppression (at least from the point of view of the new central government). The new, centralized, authoritarian government could not accept such turmoil and insecurity, and the reason why they were forced to leave was the same. That is why during this period many Galbaghi's moved to central Iran.