نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 47، زمستان 1398)

One of the most important and most influential topics in macroeconomics and international economics is the choice of foreign exchange regime. The type of foreign exchange regime affects a wide range of economic variables in each country. Foreign exchange revenues on oil exports increase the importance of foreign exchange regime and foreign exchange policies. Also, the exchange rate is an important factor in the rise and fall of commerce in the countries. This study aimed at investigating the foreign exchange regimes on the flow of commerce of sporting goods group in 1993-2013 in D8 countries using a panel data approach. Data sources were World Bank, the WTO, the IMF and international information center. Stata 12 software was used for data analysis. The results showed that trade, distance, population, colonization and having a common border had a positive effect and a joint business agreement, nominal exchange rate, consolidated variable of consumer price index, effective exchange rate and GDP had a negative effect on the flow of sporting goods group commerce. Trade and nominal exchange rate were not statistically significant and other variables were statistically significant at a confidence level of 10%.

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of trust and spirituality in workplace on knowledge sharing behavior in Sport and Youth General Office of Tehran province. 114 employees and experts of this office were randomly selected as the sample. Rahman et al. (2014) trust and knowledge sharing behavior questionnaire and Anthony (2009) workplace spirituality questionnaire were used in this study. Face and content validity was determined by experts’ viewpoints, and Cronbach's alpha test was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaires. Structural equation modeling based on Smart PLS 3 software was used to analyze the data and identify the causal relationships of research variables. Research findings confirmed the extracted model and showed that trust and spirituality in workplace had a positive and significant effect on knowledge sharing behavior of employees. Also, findings indicated that these variables totally predicted 64% of variation of knowledge sharing behavior variable. Therefore, it is suggested that managers should impel the organization culture to the rising of trust and spirituality among the employees and organization environment in order to share knowledge in organization environment.

The aim of this study was to design the communicational model of organizational resources and revenue in Iran professional football clubs. The present study was applied in terms of objectives and descriptive-correlation in terms of data collection. The statistical population consisted of all football elites and experts. The statistical sample consisted of 100 football experts and university professors in sport management. The organizational resources and revenue of sport clubs questionnaire was used to collect data. This questionnaire consisted of two main parts: the organizational resource including 29 items and revenue including 20 items. The reliability of the questionnaire was verified using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the composite reliability and its validity were verified using content, convergent and divergent validity. Structural equation modeling and PLS software were used to evaluate the model. The results showed that organizational resources had a significant effect on the revenue of Iran professional football clubs. The results also showed that variables such as financial resources, infrastructure, human resources, intellectual properties and communication and information resources respectively had the greatest effects on club revenue. So, it is recommended that football clubs should identify and develop various organizational resources in order to generate revenue.

The aim of the present study was to validate and standardize the good governance questionnaire in Iran Sport and Youth Ministry. The method was descriptive correlation, applied in terms of objectives, exploratory in terms of nature and field in terms of data collection. The statistical population consisted of all experts in Iran Sport and Youth Ministry in 2016 (N=320). Based on the Morgan Table, 175 subjects were selected as the statistical sample by simple random sampling method. A 25-item researcher-made questionnaire adapted from A’laei Ardakani (2008) and Olympics Movement good governance global principles (2008) questionnaires was used in a 5-point Likert scale (ranging from very low to very high). The validity of the questionnaire was determined using Lawshe’s validity test and the reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α=0.81). For data analysis, the descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses) statistics with SPSS and Lisrel were used. According to the factor analysis results, the indices of attempt until realization of goals, emphasis on effectiveness of roles and responsibilities, promotion of professional and law-abiding conduct, transparency, capacity building and teamwork, feedback and accountability, and emphasis on knowledge expansion were identified as 7 principles of good governance in Iran Sport and Youth Ministry. The results also indicated that the good governance principles model had a good fit in the said ministry. Finally, it could be declared that given the proposed structural model which is based on the obtained indicators and principles, the model of good governance in Sport and Youth Ministry designs a modern system that can use all the capabilities and capacities of the ministry to provide efficient public and specialized services, growth and development of sport and human resources promotion in the organization.

Today sport businesses improve their performance through adopting an entrepreneurial approach and try to be electronically ready to achieve competitive advantage and to adopt correct marketing strategies. Sport startups need entrepreneurial measurements to grow rapidly and to enhance their smart marketing potentials. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of entrepreneurial orientation and electronic readiness on sport startups performance. In terms of objectives, this study was applied and descriptive-survey in terms of nature. The population included 100 sport startups and 80 startups were randomly selected. The data were collected by a standard questionnaire with 47 items and 5-point Likert scale obtained by previous research on entrepreneurial orientation and electronic readiness. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Smart PLS 3 software were used to analyze data and confirm the research model. Findings confirmed a positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and performance and also between electronic readiness and performance in sport startups. According to these results, it is suggested that sport startups should adopt networking and open innovation approaches to joint research and marketing of their products and services.

The aim of this study was to identify and rate the research skills in higher education students of Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tehran. This study was applied in terms of objectives and descriptive survey in terms of method. The statistical population included higher education students of Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tehran. The sample consisted of 80 students who were selected by convenience sampling method. The field method including interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire (α=0.97) were used to collect data. Exploratory factor analysis and one-sample t test were applied to explain and analyze the data. The results revealed five dimensions as research skills; they were rated as research instrument design, interpretation of research results, statistical skills, summarizing research results and searching the literature respectively. They were weaknesses and strengths of the higher education students of physical education.

The aim of this study was to identify those factors affecting Iranian women’s drop out of sport activities who were above the age of 18. This study was qualitative with grounded theory design that was carried out as a field. The statistical population consisted of all Iranian women above the age of 18 who had dropped out of their organized sport activities for at least one year. Sampling was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, seven provincial centers were randomly selected. In the second stage, purposive snowball sampling method was used to select the sample. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. After 33 interviews and reaching the theoretical saturation, qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data and to identify the factors. The results showed that 5 alternative codes (personal factors, interpersonal factors, service quality, environmental factors and management factors) were identified in the factors affecting women’s drop out of sport. In each category, psychological factors, family obligations, access to sport facilities, dominant culture and advertising were the most important reasons for dropping out of sport activities. According to these results, that rate of women's drop out of sport activities may decline if the benefits of sport activities are emphasized, educational plans are provided to increase women's information about the effects of sport on health, the public awareness is raised to share marital responsibilities and duties and gyms are constructed with standard and perfect facilities according to the needs of women.

 

Today sport sponsorship is an effective marketing tool for businesses, which is considered as a revenue-generating method for the sport industry. The aim of the current study was to identify those factors affecting the attraction of sponsors in championship sport in north Khorasan province. The method was exploratory mixed. In the first phase, 30 sport experts in the province underwent deep interviews by purposive and snowball method. Qualitative data theme was analyzed and 100 different codes were generated in 15 sub-themes and 3 main themes. For the quantitative phase, a questionnaire with 100 items was designed and validated by 7 sport experts in the province. In the quantitative phase, the statistical population consisted of all members of sporting boards, clubs, sponsor companies, athletes and professional coaches, sport management professors and heads of Sport and Youth offices of cities (N=143) who were selected as the sample by census sampling method. First order and second order of confirmatory factor analysis of data obtained from the questionnaire showed that the fit indices of the model of the factors affecting the attraction of sponsors had a high potential, and 65 items out of 100 primary items were confirmed according to the results. Three factors affecting the attraction of sport sponsors were prioritized as follows: internal factors (management, financial resources, human resources, marketing system, information system, supportive production or operation and research and development), micro external factors (customers, media, potential competitors and indirect competitors) and macro external factors (political, economic, social and technological).

The aim of this study was to design health development strategies with a physical and sport activities approach. The statistical population included top managers and experts of Health and Sport ministries and professors who had studied these issues. The research method was mixed (a combination of qualitative and quantitative). In qualitative phase, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of health system with a physical education approach were identified by library studies, interviews with knowledgeable experts and semi-open questionnaires. In the quantitative phase, respondents determined the rate and impact factor of each factor and identified the strategic status of health system with a physical education approach which was located in WT (defense) area. Then, strategies were determined by organizing a strategic council and using brainstorming method. The health development strategies with a physical and sport activities approach were as follows: increasing public awareness by media, supporting sport through workplaces, encouraging doctors to prescribe sport activities, providing facilities for sport investors, adhering to the sport standards at schools and universities, developing centers for monitoring and counseling citizens’ health, using sport specialists in the health centers in cities and rural areas, determining the role of each government body in the field of sport, determining share of sport in health budget, urban design with a healthy city approach, preventing the sport management orientation of governmental organizations towards the championship and professional sports, forming the deputy of health in the Ministry of Sport and using the information and monitoring systems.

The aim of this study was to identify and rank sport development factors in Mazandaran University. This research was applied and mixed in terms of method. The sampling method was purposive and convenience. The statistical population included professors and experts of physical education, managers and deputies of the Physical Education Department in Mazandaran University. In the first stage, development factors were identified using interviews with 20 subjects from the statistical population. In the second and third stages, the identified factors were analyzed by Delphi group (20 subjects) and those factors that received at least 60% of positive responses stayed for the next stage. In the final stage, the identified factors in the 3 previous steps were ranked using the 5-point Likert scale. Friedman test in the form of SPSS software was used to rank factors. Based on the findings, the most important factors for sport development in Mazandaran University were service and easy access to sport facilities, university authorities’ support of student sports, advertising and information among students, the existence of sponsors for sport teams and human resources education. Therefore, university deans should pay attention to the identified factors in order to develop the sport of Mazandaran University.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of economic indicators of countries on their performance in the summer Universiades (1999-2015). With a review of related literature, five variables of GDP, GDP per capita, inflation rate, GINI coefficient and unemployment rate were selected as the economic indicators of the countries. Data of independent variables were selected through the World Bank website. Medals earned by each country were also considered as sport performance, which were collected through FISU. The research method was descriptive-analytical and data were collected during 1999 to 2015 (during 9 courses of competitions). The statistical population included 97 countries and 69 countries were selected as the statistical sample. Firstly, Levin, Lin, and Chu test was used to examine the static data. Finally, econometric methods (unbalanced panel) were used to analyze the data. The results showed that among the identified economic factors, GDP, GDP per capita, inflation, and unemployment rate affected the performance of countries. Therefore, considering these factors, the sport authorities of Iran can apply the necessary plans for the success in university sport.

The study aimed at designing the model of the effect of physical environment of sport facilities (aesthetics and access) on customer behavioral intentions considering the mediating role of the emotions. The method was descriptive-survey and applied in terms of objectives. Firstly, a questionnaire with 30 items was developed considering the research variables. Face validity was confirmed by 7 sport management professor and content validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient for aesthetic constructs (0.91), access (0.70), positive emotions (0.90) and behavioral intentions (0.87). The statistical population of the study included 390 customers of swimming pools in Tabriz city and 245 questionnaires were used for statistical analysis. The results showed that both components of the physical environment, namely, aesthetics and access, and positive emotions directly influenced the behavioral intentions. Furthermore, based on these findings, the indirect effect of aesthetics and access through positive emotions on behavioral intentions was significant. That is to say the aesthetics and access to sport facilities can influence customer behavioral intentions through creating positive emotions. Therefore, it can be concluded that those facilities that are aesthetic and more accessible create better and more positive emotions in the minds of customers and the result is an effect on behavioral intentions and reuse of those sport facilities.