مجله مطالعات علوم پزشکی
سال سی‌ام شماره 12 (اسفند 1398)

Acute postoperative pain control after the cesarean section is important due to the importance of the primary contact between the mother and the infant. Two main groups of opioid and non-opioid analgesics are known for controlling pain after cesarean section. The use of opioids in a dose-dependent manner is accompanied by adverse maternal and neonatal complications. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of two non-opioid drugs on the severity of pain after cesarean delivery as a clinical trial.

A total of 126 pregnant women enrolled in the study and they were randomly assigned to intervention (A, B) and control groups. In group A, ketamine was injected at 0.2 mg kg/mg and in group B (1 mg) midazolam was injected intravenously after the surgery. In the control group (C) normal saline was injected. Then, pain-related variables were recorded every 1, 2, 6, and 12 hours after the operation.

The results of our study showed that there is no significant difference in the use of these two drugs in control of pain after cesarean section, but there was a significant difference in the use of postoperative analgesia in ketamine group compared to the other two groups (p=0.01).

Based on the results of this study, the use of low dose venous ketamine after cesarean section can reduce the demand and use of postoperative analgesics.

The pre-inflammatory cytokines responsible for TNF-α, CRP, and lipid profiles have an important role in the development and prevention of systemic inflammation and also the development of obesity-related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of Aqua training and green tea supplement on serum TNF-α, CRP, and cardiovascular risk factors in inactive obese women.

In this quasi-experimental study, 60 women with body mass index of over 30 kg / m 2 were randomly assigned into 4 groups: control group, Aqua training group, green tea group, and Aqua training + Green tea group. The 12-week training program consisted of three 60-minute sessions per week with an intensity of 65-75% heart rate. Green tea supplements were also taken at 500 mg per day and in three equal portions. Blood samples were used for pre-test and post-test for TNF-α, CRP, and lipid profiles. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and the level of significance was set at 5%.

The data showed that in the combination group (Aqua training + green tea) (p< 0.05), green tea group (p<0.05), and Aqua training (p <0.05) there was a significant decrease in TNF and CRP in comparison with the control group. And the results of ANOVA test showed that there is a significant difference between the effects of different interventions on alpha TNF-α (p< 0.05). The results of Tukey's post hoc test for TNF-α and CRP showed that there was a significant difference between the control group and the combined group (Aqua training + green tea) (p <0.05), between the green tea group and the exercise group (p <0.05), and between the exercise group and the combination (Aqua training + green tea) (p <0.05). In addition, in the case of lipid profile changes following different interventions, there were significant differences between the three Aqua training, the green tea group and the combined group (Aqua training + green tea) compared to the control group (p <0.05).

Based on the findings of this study, it seems that supplementation of green tea supplement and Aqua training can have better results on the level of inflammatory factors in obese women.

The use of antibiotics to prevent the infection in the surgical site is fully effective in terms of the principles and standards. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and pattern of prescribing antibiotics for preventing infection after general surgery in comparison with the standard guidelines.

In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study, information was obtained from 299 of patient records, hospitalized in the general surgical ward of Tabriz Sina Hospital through a checklist. Then, the data were compared with the managed care guideline of the Ministry of Health and Treatment No. 8 (Standard).

In this descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study, the most frequently prescribed prophylactic antibiotics during the hospital stay were the combination of (ceftriaxone + metronidazole) 49.1% and cephazolin 48.4%, and after discharge (cefixime + metronidazole) were 44%, and cephalexin was 41%. Adherence to antibiotic prophylaxis prescription guidelines before surgery was 62.2%, after surgery and before discharge from the hospital was 36.1%, after discharge from the hospital was 66.6% and after surgery, in general, was 27.8%.

Considering that the prevalence and pattern of antibiotic prophylaxis use before and after surgery in this study were significantly higher than the global standard, appropriate strategies and measures should be taken to prevent the development of resistant harmful microorganisms and to maintain the efficacy of antibiotics.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression in visceral adipose tissue extensively cause recovery of non-alcohol fatty liver (NAFLD) and insulin signaling regulation. The main purpose of this study was to compare the effect of an eight-week low-intensity endurance training (LIET) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the amount of PPARγ gene and TG content of visceral lipid tissue in Wistar male rats affected by non-alcohol fatty liver(NAFLD).

The present research was performed on 40 Wistar rats affected by NAFLD. The rats were divided into four groups. Healthy Control (Standard Diet), control, LIET, and HIIT (High-fat diet). After 16-weeks of using a special diet, ALT enzyme serum level was obtained from the mentioned groups and, as the main symptoms of fatty liver, it was found that consuming fatty foods could develop NAFLD disease in the experimental group. Then the experimental groups were divided into; control, HIIT, and LIET groups randomly and they consumed fatty foods constantly until the end of practice or training period. HIIT training protocol consisted of 2 min running session with 75% more speed intensity in the first week, 80% more speed in the second week, 85% in the third week, and 90% in the fourth week, to the end of the training. The LIET training protocol composed of running with 45% maximum speed intensity. The PPARγ gene expression was evaluated by real-time PCR technique and TG measurements of visceral lipid tissue using an  AutoAnalyzer (BT3000 model).

Analysis of the present data showed that there was no significant difference in the level of visceral fat PPARγ gene expression between different groups (p = 0.060). However, there was a significant difference in TG content between the control group and low-intensity endurance training (p = 0.001) and between the control group and intense periodic training (p = 0.001). There was also a significant difference in TG content between low-intensity endurance training and intense intermittent training (p = 0.003).

It could be concluded that exercise with continued high-fat diet did not affect PPARγ expression of visceral adipose tissue. Exercise independent of PPARγ pathway will affect visceral fat content in rats with NAFLD. On the other hand, reduction in visceral TG levels in exercise groups could occur independently of weight loss.

The natural antioxidants in fish play an important role in inhibiting free radicals and preventing diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and so on. This study was conducted to evaluate the health effects of eating perch and carp fish meat of Aras River in humans in the North West of Iran.

In this research, after the preparation of aqueous and alcoholic meat extracts of 2 species of fish caught in the Aras river in the northwest of Iran, their antioxidant activity was compared with synthetic antioxidant BHT using DPPH, ABTS, and RP methods. Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc test.

According to the results obtained in the aqueous and alcoholic extracts, perch fish meat had significantly higher antioxidant properties and regenerative capacity than carp fish meat. There was a significant difference between the 2 species (p <0.05).

These results, considering the beneficial effects of antioxidants on human health, recommend the consumption of fish, especially fish with antioxidant properties and high levels of remission, such as perch fish.

Shahnameh (The Book of Kings) is a national epic of Iran and Farsi speaking territories. Shahnameh contains more than 50000 couplets composed by Hakim Abu ʾl-Qasim Ferdowsi Tusi (940–1020 AD). There are many philosophical, social, ethical, and romantic as well as health and medical concepts in the content of Shahnameh. To mention a few, the stories of Simurgh,  Alexander and the Indian physician, Borzuyeh Tabib as well as some diseases, treatments, psychological disorders, and injuries inflicted in the battles are presented in the context of Shahnameh. Ferdowsi also used some medical terminologies to describe his literary concepts. This brief review describes the antiquity and originality of medicine in Iran and reviews the health and medical concepts in the Shahnameh. Several examples of couplets in Farsi are selected to adapt with the English text.

Triazene compounds are alkylators with certain chemical, physical, and anti-tumor properties that have been used extensively for producing anti-cancer drugs. In this research, we studied the anti- tumor effects of a new triazene derivate (1,3-bis (2-ethoxyphenyl) on 4T1 breast cancer cell line and induced breast tumors in BALB/c mice.

4T1 cell line was cultured and treated with different concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50µmol) of the 1, 3-bis (2-ethoxyphenyl) triazene in a 24-hour period. Cell survival was evaluated by MTT. Seven-week-old mice were subcutaneously injected with 4T1 cells. Once tumors were observed, mice were randomly grouped and treated with different concentrations of triazene. Tumor size of each group was measured and compared before and after the treatment. Expression of caspases-3 and 9 was investigated by RT-PCR. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 22.0 and p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant.

The results of MTT test showed that the triazene induced cell death in a concentration-dependent pattern and decreased cell viability in the 4T1 cell line. Tumor size was significantly decreased in triazene-treated groups compared to control groups. RT-PCR results showed an increase in the expression of caspase genes in the triazene-treated group compared to the control groups.

We found that 1,3-bis (2-ethoxyphenyl) triazene can reduce the survival rate of 4T1 cells in vitro, decrease the size of the induced breast tumors, and also increase the expression of caspase genes in the tumor tissues.

Unwanted drug-related reactions have remained a challenge in modern health care due to the increasing complexity of treatments and the increasing population of the world. Due to the lack of a similar study in this area, this study was conducted to investigate the unwanted drug-related skin reactions in children hospitalized in Motahari Hospital of Urmia from 2012 to 2016.

In this retrospective descriptive study, the medical records of all children hospitalized in Motahari Hospital in Urmia with the diagnosis of unwanted drug-related skin complications from the beginning of 2012 to the end of 2016 were studied. All the information was entered into an organized checklist designed already for this purpose. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19.

Our study showed that 76 (58.5%) of the children were male and 54 (41.5%) were female. The results of this study showed that phenobarbital is the most common drug that causes skin complications (In 90 cases (69.2%)). Maculopapular rash was the most common skin complication in the studied patients (In 96 cases (73.8%)).

The results of our study showed that skin complications in children are rare but potentially dangerous and special attention should be paid to them and immediate medical measures should be taken for these patients.