نشریه نشاء علم
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 19، دی 1398)

State-of-the-art tools and equipment are needed to enable new fundamental discoveries and increase scientific productivity. In the nineteenth century, researchers turned to charities and private organizations to provide scientific measurement tools, and governments were not scientifically supported in universities, but in the twentieth century governments became somewhat familiar with science and started to support the universities for advancement of science and invested in the provision of scientific equipment. Science is like invisible forces and not seen or understood by everyone, but science is the basic foundation of progress, health, safety and power for society and every country. Anyone who invests in the development of these invisible forces, called science, has come to realize after a time that the product is spectacular and understandable, with great benefits and added value. So, investing in science will generate high-tech technologies and industries, but the science will also control environmental waste and harmful technologies and polluting industries. For example, the current issue of the country and other countries about the new coronavirus (COVID-19) as an emerging disease requires more advanced knowledge, science, medical diagnostic methods in addition to perseverance, courage and self-sacrifice. One of the key parameters in the advancement of science is having advanced measuring instruments. The leading countries in the science are leading in high throughput measuring instruments. Therefore, it is essential to invest in such tools. Investments in developing instrumentation in universities typically involve a variety of costs. These include: - Investing for construction of accurate tools based on existing knowledge, then expand them gradually with collaboration with eminent researchers - Direct cost for purchasing instrumentation and its parts and components that have advanced or unique capabilities - Integrating devices or components to enhance precision measurements and make the instrument more efficient. - Establish central or national or regional laboratories or integrate some laboratories - Maintain and retrieve tools in research laboratories and rebuild and update new and more advanced parts. - Creation of service and repair systems, production of spare parts and upgrading of measuring devices Another important point to note is the power of each country's instruments to change its political equations. If in the region new advanced instruments are existed for high-throughput accurate scientific measurement, but not existed the same in Iran, the people of Iran are culturally damaged. One of the most important places of scientific discovery and great scientific achievement is national pride. The nation, philanthropists, and private and government organizations are therefore urged to invest in science advancement in universities and schools, especially in support of the construction of advanced scientific equipment with great effort. The offspring of this borderland have endowed divine talents that deserve to be supported by them for scientific flight.

Creation has a high spirituality and human is the abstract of the universe and has dignity of creation. Human health is the result of maintaining a balance between human nature with that of external state. Any deviations from these natural states lead to an unbalance condition in human life resulting to unhealthy consequences. Therefore, understanding of our inner self is considered to be the basic requirement for maintaining human health and welfare. On this line, human in search of universal knowledge, needs to develop self-knowledge. It is under this condition that he/she would be able to appreciate the value of inner self and not to cause any harm for self under which he/she will also not do any harm to others. Man using his limited knowledge about nature and himself, has been able to develop numerous technologies some of which have caused harm and losses to self and others. Today, some of these technologies have brought welfare and wellbeing to human life that are to be recognized and appreciated. There have also been others that have been destructive and are source of pollution by producing free radicals that are considered to be destructive to human, biodiversity and existence. These free radicals are the source of certain illness and destroy the balance of natural life. It is necessary that we enhance our multifaceted interdisciplinary knowledge especially in the line of biomimetic and bioinspiration in order to develop technologies that are environmentally safe and where we put high priority for consideration of moral principles, sustained living environment requirements, and be coherent with healthy human life that would result in high standards, peaceful living conditions and promote the tranquility lifestyle.

Methane or marsh gas is one of the simplest, most symmetrical, and stable organic molecules. Methane's half-life is very long and is one of the most abundant organic compounds in nature. In this article, an attempt has been made to hypothesize the chemical creation of matter in nature as: "The origin of the creation and emergence of organic matter in nature is methane, and organic matter in nature is also converted to methane by degradation and decomposition." In this hypothesis, it is believed that not only the endpoint and destruction of organic matter but also the originating and constitutive point of organic matter lead to methane, on the other hand, methane in the material world is the primary and final. It has been tried to present causes and evidence, such as the persistence and abundance of methane, the decomposition, and the conversion of organic matter to methane in nature, the Miller experiment on the synthesis of organic matter and amino acids from methane, the Big Bang scenarios of the emergence of other elements from the carbon element and the abundance of carbon after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen on a mass basis, methane hypothesis of primary carbon source of creation organic matter in nature to carbon dioxide, to support this hypothesis.

Biomimetics and bioinspiration, is the mimicry or inspiration of living things and natural phenomena to design and build devices and planning of processes that can reduce or delete the damages and hazards that humans may cause to nature due to the use of certain technologies and industrial phenomena. Among animals, insects as a large group with a widespread distribution throughout the world is the most important models for scientists because of their body structure characteristics and amazing behaviors. Successful mimicry of these unique microstructures’ models helps solving many problems. There is a huge amount of information in these small biological models. Insect modeling is generally summarized based on seven basic biomimetics areas :( 1) Material science and technology, (2) Surfaces science, (3) Science of adhesives, (4) Optics, (5) Photonics, (6) Sensorics and (7) Robotics for different applications. However, mimicry and inspiration for these phenomena of creation are not limited and new knowledge shall discover every day. This article reviews sources of biomimetics and bioinspiration from insects.

Epidemiology studies have showed that free radicals play an important role in health and also during the illness. Free radicles form when there is a lack or addition of extra electron in a molecule which makes them ready to interact rapidly with surrounding biological system in cell. These radicals therefore can react with various targets in cells including genetic material and cell membrane. The uptake of antioxidants can make resistance against the harmful effects of oxidative stress elements. However, there should be a balance between them and therefore the excesses amount of anti-oxidants is not recommended. Here, the free radicals and their effects and control with anti-oxidant are discussed then some life style precautions were explored as natural ways to handle the harmful effects of oxidative stress elements.

Because the human immune system is not prepared to deal with the new coronavirus in advance, the rate of spread of this deadly virus is very high in human societies. The origin of this virus is similar to the two viruses in its family, the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) or the acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), so all three viruses are transmitted from animal to human. The main route of transmission of the virus is through the respiratory droplets of infected people or contact with infected surfaces and objects. People who care for Covid-19 patients or those who are at the places of attendance of patients infected with the virus are more likely to be exposed to the new coronavirus. The virus has a crown-like protein at its surface that, after binding to the membrane protein receptor (called ACE2), enters healthy cells and then proliferates to create more copies. The presence of this protein receptor, which also plays an important role in controlling blood pressure and function of the heart and lungs, has been demonstrated in various parts of the body such as lungs, heart, blood vessels, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. Although no effective drug for the treatment of Covid-19 has been introduced so far, the design of antibodies against the corona protein of the new coronavirus or drugs that occupy viral binding site on ACE2 prior to its attachment to the virus is one of the goals of the researchers in the field. The individuals with underlying diseases or patients indicating the increased expression of the ACE2 cell membrane receptor, show more severe symptoms of the disease. As we age, mortality rates in patients with the new coronary virus increase due to lowered immune system and some underlying diseases or both. In the present situation, personal and social health care and applying natural methods to strengthen the immune system seem to be the most important strategies that can be taken to prevent the spread of the disease in human societies.

It is essential to protect biodiversity in sustainable agriculture, food production and human health. Humans need food, shelter and other necessities for life. For this reason, they sometimes change plant species and their environment or reduce biodiversity by using pesticides. Food supply and human health also depend on many factors, including environmental health and ecosystem services. Any change in the ecosystem threats access to food, water, air and natural or traditional drugs, has effects on natural response of immune system of body to allergen and other pestiferous factors and increase the risk of infection and other diseases such as diabetes and cancer and also mental health. This study addresses the importance of biodiversity conservation in food security as well as human health.

Worldwide, many bird species are at the risk of extinction for various reasons, including poisoning with chemicals and heavy metals. Habitat degradation had negative impacts on birds and various birds search for food in the rubbish, due to lack of food in their natural habitats. Unsuitable disposal of waste is one of the causes of bird poisoning in garbage dumps. A large amount of waste is produced in cities every day. These human wastes are not only of nutritional value, but also the bacteria and viruses present in them and the residuals of chemicals, drugs and pesticides threaten the life of the birds. Managing the humans -bird interactions in such areas require the recognition of species and reasons for their attraction as well as the assessment of the risks to humans. These species may be rare and threatened by extinction, or contribute to the transmission of diseases by migrating to different regions. In order to control the bird population in landfills, various techniques have been proposed, including restricting the birds' physical access to waste by covering it with thick plastic layers or other materials, outside of working hours by the waste management authorities. Increasing the efficiency of waste processing operations and reducing waste piling time are also effective in reducing the presence of birds. Restoration of natural habitats such as wetlands, in the long term, can help to improve the natural habitat of birds and provide them with natural preys. Managing the vegetation and green spaces, reducing water resources in the environment, and the use of drip irrigation are low-cost methods that help reduce the presence of birds. Scaring off birds, using noise or human presence and installing sonic and ultrasonic bird repeller have been used in different countries and recommended depending on species and regional conditions.