فصلنامه پژوهش های اقتصادی ایران
پیاپی 79 (تابستان 1398)

In recent years, most studies in the field of technology and trade have focused on the critical importance of technological change in explaining international trade patterns. Technological innovation is not taking place in all countries and it does not spread to all countries at the same time, therefore technological distance would exist among countries.This paper has explained  the effect of technological distance on Iran’s trade relations, specifying a semi-parametric gravity model over 1995-2015. As expected, the estimation results of semi-parametric gravity model show that the effect of GDP on bilateral trade relations between Iran and each of the selected trading partners is positive and significant. The population of the exporter has negative impact while the importer’s population has positive effect on bilateral trade. Our empirical results indicate that the relationship between technological distance and bilateral trade is nonparametric, implying a general effect of technology on Iran’s bilateral trade relations. More clearly, in some ranges of the technological distance a negative effect appears on trade relations, while in other fractions of the relevant distance, the impact is positive, leading to an increase in bilateral trade relations between Iran and its trading partners.

Analyzing the effects of energy and financial sanctions on the output gap of the economy of Iran is the aim of this study. To do so, a New-Keynesian DSGE model is used to design the structure of model. In this approach, by defining a shock, energy and financial sanctions is included into objective functions of the economic agents whereby the behavior of households in subsectors, consumption, capital accumulation and investment spending, and also the behavior of firm in production function and marginal cost are affected by energy and financial sanctions since 2011. The data in this study is quarterly for the period 1989 – 2014. To this end the output gap is computed by Kalman filter approach and other variables are filtered by Hodrick – Prescott method. Then by using Bayesian methods, the structural parameters are estimated, where, the results from MCMC Statistic, Gelman - Brooks statistic and comparing prior and posterior distribution functions indicate that the results are credible. Finally, the effects of energy and financial sanctions on the output gap and other variables have been analyzed by stochastic simulation. The results from simulation reveals that by imposing economic sanctions, investment spending, total consumption and the process of capital accumulation declines and the costs associated with output increased thereby the output gap in economy tends to increase. Moreover, from the results of variance decomposition, investment and inflation rate is more influenced by sanctions than other shocks.

From a financial perspective, decentralization is a transfer of resources from the central government to local governments. Fiscal decentralization policies can lead to more FDI attraction by increasing the share of provincial government funding to local infrastructure.Accordingly, the major purpose of this study is to evaluate the long run and short run impact of fiscal decentralization on FDI in Iran during the period 1992-2014. For this purpose the three indicators of fiscal decentralization of revenue, fiscal decentralization of expenditures, fiscal decentralization of autonomy power and also some control variables including inflation, exchange rate fluctuations, and degree of trade openness have been used.In order to estimate the model, the Johansen-Juselius method and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) have been applied. Based on the results of the model, all three fiscal decentralization indicators increase FDI in the long run and in the short run. Therefore, providing the necessary conditions for the expansion of fiscal decentralization can help to promote the FDI level in Iran.Also, both in the long run and the short run, inflation and exchange rate fluctuations have a negative effect, and the degree of trade openness has a positive effect on FDI.

As the driving force behind economic growth in the world markets, export is the most significant objective of foreign trade policy. One of the requirements for expanding foreign trade is to examine modern models of international trade to identify the economic and political issues affecting the countries’ trade. For boosting economic growth, the majority of countries seek to expand trade with other countries, producing goods and commodities based on relative advantages. Various factors may affect the values of Iran’s exports to other countries, among which the leading institutional indicators, which are capable of providing suitable conditions for expanding the export markets of Iran, seem to be highly significant. In the present paper, the effect of political institutions on Iran's exports to West Asian countries during the period 2000-2015 is investigated and empirically analyzed by mixed regressive-spatial autoregressive model. The research employs a regression model with panel data based on different commodity groups in the six-digit codes of Iranian trade with West Asian countries. As the research findings show, the governance index, representing the political institutions, has positive and significant effects on exports and significantly affects Iran's exports.

An important feature in market design is the stability of allocations since the created allocations, even if duly formed, may collapse when they are not stable. In other words, when suppliers and demanders meet via a mechanism that is not stable, some elements may egress the mechanism. Therefore, stability is the key issue in matching agents. Stable allocation is a situation whereby no coalition can cleaves to improve the member conditions. Kidney market is such a market that needs to be revived by designers. In the present study, the data are collected from 20 dialysis patients and 20 kidney donors to study stable allocations. Shapely value approach is used to examine stable allocations. The results showed that collaborations among patients led to the creation of two three-way coalitions worth 930 and 880 M IRR, two two-way coalitions worth 610 and 530 M IRR, and one chain coalition worth 660 M IRR. Since the shapely value obtained from patient collaborations is stable, all coalitions of the present study enjoy stability feature. The results reveal that market design in kidney exchange increases the number of efficient transplants from 4 to 17 pairs in the research sample. Besides, the patient and donors with the same blood types may not need to participate in the mechanism.

One of pleasant subjects for economists, in the field of Macro-political economy, is investigating the impact of relevant factors on financial corruption. This study aims to investigate the effect of economic and political factors on financial corruption, economic growth, and the size of government as well as their interaction effects in the selected oil producing countries over the 2003-2014 period. To estimate the model, system panel data approach is applied based on Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator. The results showed that an improvement in the economic growth, size of government, democracy, rule of law and access to sound money variables decrease financialcorruption of selected oil producing countries. Also, improving the size of government, political stability, democracy, business regulations variables and decreasing financial corruption has led to economic growth of the selected countries. Finally, improving economic growth, increasing oil revenues and urbanization has increased the size of government in these countries.

The aim of this paper is to study the technical, scale and technological efficiencies and also the changes in Partial and total factor productivities of provincial centers of Islamic Azad University. The methods used are DEA, Malmquist Index and a new approached known as truncated bootstrapped regression. The results indicate that out of 30 units of centers in the study, only 3 units are Fully efficient: Kermanshah, central Tehran and Yazd. For the periods under study (2010 and 2016), the productivity growths for all units have been positive and 18 units had TFP changes greater than one. The study revealed that environmental factors have effects on efficiency and productivity. Specifically, one percent increase in the ratio of the number ofthe professors and associate professors to total members will increase the efficiency by a factor of 0.89 percent. An increase in the age of unit and being in the metropolitan area increase the efficiency by the amount of 0.04 and 0.01 percent respectively.