نشریه تاریخ اسلام و ایران
سال بیست و نهم شماره 44 (زمستان 1398)

Poetry has always been an influential art and powerful medium in human societies. Hence, it has always played a significant role as an advertising tool for governments, sects, parties, tribes and even individuals. The Fatimid caliphate (358-567 AH) was using various strategies to advance their goals in opposition to his opponents, especially the Abbasid caliphate, by supporting poetry and poet.This research has a descriptive approach concentrated on analyzing and evaluating the functions of the poetries of the Egyptian Fatimid poets (358-567 AH) in order to strengthen the Fatimid caliphates in opposition to their opponents. The results of this study reveals that in the Fatimid caliphate, in addition to the aesthetic and artistic approach of poetry, the poem is used as a means of the implementing of beliefs and the publishing the ideas, including: proof of the Imamate and the succession of Ali (AS) and their sons, and consequently, the legitimacy of Fatimid caliphs, emphasizing on the Fatimid parentage verity; encouragement and persuasion towards the Fatimid caliphate, provocation, and discipline against the enemies; libeling of the opponents, weakening of their legitimacy foundations.

Castle Shah Jaghl or Jeqele can be considered one of the central Zagros mountain fortresses. The location of the castle is such that it has been settled on one of the communication routes of Boroujerd plain to Chqelvandi and Khorramabad region. From this castle remained little remnants of the architecture and the culture findings (such as the remains of the chambers, water storage, and stairs to access it and little remains of surface pottery on the floor and around the castle). The key questions are these cases: This castle belongs to which historical period? What is the nature of its use? The authors have used in this research from field activities (including survey, documentation and archaeological studies) as well as the library studies to provide scientific answers to the questions listed. The results of research, concerning the position of the castle, the location of the building and architectural remains indicates that the castle more than anything has provided security of communication – business roads and routes of region and also concerning the archaeological evidence (especially pottery), probably has been related to the Sassanid period

The first conflict between modern political concepts and traditional concepts dates back to the time of Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi and to him. After him, the contemporary Iranian man has been confused in whether inclining towards modern concepts or traditional concepts and therefore, has been unable in resolving the duality of domination of modern and traditional concepts on his political life. But what must be done? The present article seeks to show the process of reaching a solution in this regard. This article investigates the method of localization of a scholar like Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi. In an attempt to find the answer to the research question, the present article had to choose some modern concepts and analyze them in Sayyid Jamal’s semantic system. The results of this study show that the method of localization of Sayyid Jamal, with the argument of maintaining originality, is based on imposing the traditional meaning on modern political concepts or imposing the eastern tradition on western civilization (authoritarian tradition-seeking).

During the fifty-years of the Mongol invasion, Anatolia (Asia Minor) became increasingly important for the Mongols. After the establishment of the Ilkhanids Mongol government in Iran, the eastern and central parts of Anatolia was seized by Ilkhanids. Until the end of their rule, they extended their domains to the borders of the Byzantine Empire. Henceforth, Ilkhanids important goal was to cut off the relationship between the Golden Horde, the Russian Mongol, and the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria. Practically, to prevent the development of the relations of these rivals, the Ilkhanids made some kind of Anatolian blockade, which enjoyed great success in using the port of Trebizond. In the middle of this relationship, the Byzantine Empire, whose capital was Constantinople, had a commercial significance. Therefore, the Ilkhanids government was forced to establish friendly relations with the Byzantine Empire. To maintain its commercial life, Byzantine Empire had to create a trade balance with the Venice and Genoa republics which had commercial relations with the ports of Kaffa in the north of the Black Sea and Alexandria in the southern Mediterranean. This was also not something the Ilkhanids government could ignore. At the same time, the port of Trebizond, which was exclusively available to the Ilkhanids, was the main focus of its policy towards all the activists mentioned above, and during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, this port entered into the stage of trade and politics of the Black Sea.

Titles are one of the most important indicators of recognizing bureaucratic structure. The titles of political, military, administrative, and financial issues and their understanding of the impact of political, social, and economic developments are a double-sided process that should be taken into account in re-examining Iran's social and administrative history. The Qajar bureaucracy was a wide range system, and the titles in this office had special appellation and functions. One of the special titles of the Qajar era was the office of "Amir Nizam”. This title was one of the new military titles in the structure of the newly emerged Qajar Army that faced ups and downs and changes in the Qajar era. The specific needs of the society of that time led to the change of function of the Amir Nizam from military to administrative. The developments of the Mid-Qajar era also reduced the Amir Nizam from a high official to a mere ceremonial nickname. This article examines the reasons and the necessities of this office, looking at the personalities of the holders, duties, and functions of this office.

Paying salaries of civil and military officials was one of the main challenges of the Qajar government. The increasing number of payrolls, delays in payments, or salaries without financial credentials has made the problem a major challenge. Traditional methods and recruiting foreign advisers could not solve this problem. After the Constitutional Revolution, the government and the parliament set up independent oversight mechanisms to resolve this problem to prevent the loss of income of the country and to speed up the payment of employees' salaries. In the same vein, Divan-e Mohasebat was formed to control finances, especially organizing in the turbulent situation of employees' salaries. The main issue in this research is the study of the cause and necessity of the establishment of Divan-e Mohasebat on the one hand and its performance in the way of dealing with the issue of paying the salaries of government employees on the other.
 Findings of this study indicate that there are many delays in the adoption of Divan-e Mohasebat law, high deficits in the internal regulation, the inability to summon officials and reckoning their account, the lack of expertise and experience among members, and the widespread scope of the issue of pay-as-you-go, resulting in inefficiency of Divan-e Mohasebat and, eventually, its dissolution.

Predicting historical events is one of the most important topics in historical studies. Ibn Zaki al-Din announced the conquest of Jerusalem in the month of Rajab to Saladin, saying that he derived this prediction from Ibn Barrajan's commentary on the early verses of the Surah Ar-Rum. The purpose of this study is to examine Ibn Barrajan's prediction of the time of the conquest of Jerusalem and how it was calculated. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical and based on library resources.The basis of Ibn Barrajan's prediction is the contemplation of the verses of the Holy Quran with a mystical approach. He predicts with the application of the theory of "Dawa’ir al-Taqdir" (cycles of determination). He views 1000-month cycles and 7-based cycles as important cycles. In his view, these verses state three victories in Jerusalem: Victory of Muslims in the time of the Second Caliph, Victory of Christians in 489 A.H., and the victory of the Muslims in the fourth month of 584 A.H. (End of the 7000 lunar months). He also believes that these verses herald the final victory of Muslims with the advent of the Mahdi (A.S.). His prediction of the conquest of Jerusalem happened a year earlier than the appointed time. Also, his prediction of the advent of Imam Mahdi (A.S.) did not come true at the time of the conquest of Jerusalem.

The historical roads of Tārhān district in the southwest of Lorestan province are the important and high-traffic inter-regional roads. One of its most important roads is the road between Susiana and Kermanshah that has been very significant in the Sassanid era and early Islamic centuries. Many architectural works such as bridges, caravansary, and castell and cobblestone roads have been remains in this district from Sassanid and early Islamic centuries which have not been studied carefully yet. The goal of this research is the study of the communication capabilities of Tārhān district through the identification of the archaeological evidence of this road and buildings alongside it. The research approach is Historical-analytical, and data are collected by field and library method. To achieve these goals, this road was surveyed from Saimare city to Holeilan valley. This survey was identified a large part of the paved roads in mountainous areas, bridges, caravansary, some castles to protect roads and caravans, buildings with service-welfare functions, reservoir, two urban settlements, and an inscription from the Islamic era. The research results show that geography and climate of the region have caused to establish two paths in this region; spring route and autumn route. Each of them was used in one part of the year. In addition to connecting Khuzestan to the north and northwest of Iran, this road has caused the safety and flourishing of its settlements.