نشریه مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش
پیاپی 15 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

It is mentioned a critical role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in mitochondrial biogenesis, and for irisin in angiogenesis, myogenesis and health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cold-water immersion (CWI) post repeated sprint activity (RSA) on irisin & PGC-1α.

Among 50 soccer players recruited from Tehran premier league, 20 men (age 23.5±1.67 yrs) were selected randomly to this  study and after the RSA, 10 participants immersed in cold water (14°C) and 10 others set on a chair passively. Blood sampling was taken before and after RSA, after CWI or passive rest and after 24 hours. Serum irisin & PGC-1α were assessed through ELIZA kit of ZelBio, Germany. Shapiro-Wilk test was performed to determine data normality and to determine possibly differences between means in each group and in different times, analysis of variance test with repeated measures was applied at the significant level of p≤0.05.

The time factor had a significant effect on PGC-1α levels [F(3,51)=6.52, p=0.001, pη2=0.27], but the group effect [F(1,17)=0.79, p=0.38] and time - group interaction [F(3,51)=1.53, p=0.21] was not significant. PGC-1α had a significant increases after the RSA in both groups (p=0.004), but its changes were not significant after CWI or rest (p=1.00). In addition, PGC-1α changes was not significant after 24h (p=1.00). Moreover, the time factor had a significant effect on irisin levels [F(3,51)=15.38, p<0.001, pη2=0.47], but the group effect [F(1,17)=0.48, p=0.49] and the time – group interaction [F(3,51)=1.91, p=0.14] were nor significant. In other hand, irisin had a significant increases after the RSA in both groups (p<0.001), but its changes were not significant after CWI or rest (p=0.06). Further, the changes of irisin was not significant after 24h (p=1.00).

It seems that the RSA could improve cellular processes through PGC-1α & irisin elevation.

Ghrelin has a dual effect on breast cancer development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training on the level of serum and tumour tissues ghrelin in mice with breast cancer.

Breast cancer cells MC4-L2 were implanted to mice and they randomly categorized into two groups including control (n=8) and training (n=8) groups. Training group performed progressive aerobic training 5 days per week for 6 weeks on treadmill and control group didn’t any training. Tumor volume was measured by a digital caliper weekly. Finally, the mice were sacrificed; serum and tumor tissue were removed and immediately frozen and kept in -70°C. Assay of ghrelin was performed by ELISA kit with code number RAB0207. Independent sample t-test and repeated measure analysis of varicance were used for extraction of results at the significance level of p

The results of t-test showed that the level of ghrelin in tumor (p=0.02) and serum (p=0.002) were significantly lower and higher compared to the control group. In addition, the mice heart to weight ratio was significantly higher in the training group (p=0.001) than in the control group. The result of repeated measure ANOVA showed there were significant differences between the two groups in tumor volume and food intake (p=0.001).

According to the finding, aerobic training in tumor bearing mice have a benefits in reducing tumor volume, maintaining food intake and weight by modulating ghrelin levels in tumor tissue and serum.

Physical status and body composition are affected by various parameters such as ecological, nutritional, and racial as well as age and sex factors. Therefore, identification of most effectiveness factors for health and sport performance can be useful to develop a formulation during sports programs. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between somatotype profile, environmental potential and socio-economic indicators in some provinces of Iran.

 This research is a descriptive-analytic type. The somatotype and body mass indices (boys 9-13 years old) are used as anthropometric indicators as well as the height, latitude and human development indices are used as environmental and economic indicators. The Human Development Index, are considerd as average of the three indicators of life expectancy, education and per capita GDP in terms of equal purchasing power with the same weight. The statistical methods were used as spatial statistics in ArcGIS and SPSS softwares.

Regression analysis showed that there is a linear relationship between somatotype and topographic features (R2=0.39, p=0.02). Also, according to regression test, there was a significant relationship between body mass index and latitude (R2=0.42, p=0.0001), height (R2=0.39, p=0.008) and human development index (R2=0.377, p=0.005) respectively.

The physical condition and especially the somatotype, depends on geographical areas and also different socioeconomic conditions. Therefore, it can be used extensively in talent identification, sports polarization and health promotion. type profile and environmental potential and socio-economic indicators in the provinces of Iran. Present investigation methodology is a descriptive-analytic type. The somatotype and body mass index data are used as anthropometric indicators and height, latitude and human development index data are used as environmental and economic indicators. The Human Development Index results from the average of three indicators of life expectancy, training and education, and GDP per capita is in terms of equal purchasing power with the same weight. For this purpose, analyses are done through using statistical methods and statistical techniques and spatial statistics in ArcGIS and SPSS softwares.

Regression analysis showed that there is a linear relationship between somatotype and and topographic features (R2 = 0/386, p= 0.023).Also, according to regression test, there is a significant relationship between body mass index and latitude, height and human development index respectively; (R2=0/423, p = 0/0001), (R2 = 0/398, p = 0/008), (R2 = 0/377, p = 0/005).

The physical condition, and in particular the somatotype, depends on geographical areas and different socioeconomic conditions, and this can be widely used in the identification and designation of sports poles.

Surfactant protein (SP-A) is most abundant surfactant protein in lungs and plays an important role in eliminating the infection and inflammatory mediators. Further, Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn (Pare-siavashan) composed elements such as flavonoids and saponins maidenhair and may play an effective role in inhibiting the inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interval training along with Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn supplementation on levels of SP-A in lung male rats.

Thirty male Wister rats with three weeks old and average weight of 68 ± 9 g were randomly divided into 2 groups including interval training and control groups. The interval training group was divided into three sub-groups including training, supplementation and training+supplementation groups after the end of 6-week interval .training.  The Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn herbal supplement were fed orally for 3 weeks, with the daily dose of 200 mg per kilogram of body weight.. The levels of lung SP-A was measured using Cusabio ELISA kit (China Company). The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD tests at the significant level of p

The results showed no significant differences between lung SP_A levels after 6 (p=0.28) and 9 (p=0.14) weeks of interval training compared to control group; however SP_A significantly decreased in the training - Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn group (P=0.001) compared to other interventions.

Regarding the significant reduction of SP_A after interval training, it seems that supplementation may inhibit the pathophysiological effects of incremental trainings and to reduce the inflammatory parameters well and to strengthen the lung immunity.

Early life stress is known as a risk factor for the development of depression and its associated comorbidities. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of depression and cardiovascular diseases. Evidence indicated that regular physical activity during adolescence may be able to adjust the negative impact of maternal separation stress as a valid animal model of depression on behavior and cardiac mitochondrial function of adult rats.

In this experimental study, maternal separation stress was applied to 72 male rat pups by separating them from their mothers for 180 minutes during second to fourteenth day of postnatal. Then, the animals were randomly divided into different treatment twelve groups (fluoxetine and treadmill) and received the treatments during adolescence. Further, we evaluated the effects of maternal separation stress on the rat behaviors test. Finally, we assessed the reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial glutathione, ATP and cytochrome c release in the cardiac tissue of animals. Comparison between groups were analyzed using independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance and Statistically significant was considered if p˂0.05.

The results of this study showed tha depressive-like behaviors following maternal separation stress in adult male rats were associated with oxidative stress in cardiac tissue. Also the results showed that treating animals with fluoxetine or compulsory exercise on the treadmill during adolescence improved some cardiac mitochondrial function.

The results of this study highlights the importance of adolescence as a period during which treating animals by performing a treadmill exercise has significant protective effects on cardiac energy homeostasis disorders caused by maternal separation stress.

Exercise in warm wether can lead to a change in stress hormones and immune factors as compare to normal conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a bout of resistance exercise in a warm wether on Immune and hormonal responses.

Eight male students with an average of 27±2 years participated in this study. The exercise program was performed for two conditions, at the first week it done in a normal temperature (20° C) and then it performed in a warm temperature (35°C) in the following week. Blood samples were taken one hour before, immediately after and one hour after of resistance exercise. In both environments, body temperature was measured from the axillary area. The serum concentration of Interleukin-15 (IL-15), heat shock protein (HS70), testosterone and cortisol were measured by ELISA method. The ANOVA test for repeated measures were performed after ensuring the normal distribution by the Shapiro - Wilk test for reslts extraction.

 Resistance training in warm wether significantly increased the cortisol (p=0.01), hsp70 (p=0.03), IL-15 (p=0.03), and testosterone (p=0.02) values.

Assuming that cortisol elevation due to warm condition induce IL-15 suppression and IL-15 dropping limit muscle hypertrophy; it can be suggested that a bout of resistance exercise in a warm wether colud attenuate exercise –induced hypertrophy.

Detraining could causes changes in blood lactate response and physical fitness factors. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three-weeks of detraining on blood lactate response to kick exercise and physical fitness factors related to Taekwondo in teenage girls.

Eigtheen taekwondo athlete girls with mean age of 13±1.64 years and taekwondo experience period with 6.07±1.05 years were randomly divided into training (n=9) and detraining (n=9) groups. Dependent variables were measured before and after three weeks in both groups. Detraining groups stopped their training program during the three weeks but training group continued their training program. Blood lactate was measured before and immediately after kick exercise; in this way, after 20 minutes of warm-up, kick exercise (short time, high-intensity exercise) were performed with 3 repetitions, each repetition was included 20 seconds of activity and 20 seconds of recovery. Anaerobic power, agility, muscular power and reaction time were also evaluated with valid tests. Repeated measurement ANOVA and MANCOVA tests were used for statistical analysis of inter group and between groups changes respectively and significant level was considered at P>0.05.

Blood lactate after kick exercise was increased significantly in both groups pre and post 3 weeks (p=0.001), but it was not significantly differ before and after intended three weeks (p=1.000). In detraining group, muscular power (p=0.01), agility (p=0.04) and anaerobic power (p=0.01) decreased significantly after three weeks of detracting as compared to before three weeks detraining but reaction time did not significantly changed (p=0.17).

It seems three weeks of detraining in Taekwondo girls does not induce any change in lactate response to kick exercise and their reaction time but decreases the other skill related physical fitness factors.

Iron deficiency (anemia) is one of the most common metabolic disorders and it can be considered as of most common nutritional deficiencies in women, which can have a significant effect on performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise with two different intensities (65-75% of maximum heart rate, 90-80% of maximum heart rate) and iron supplementation on iron content of female students.

In this study, 75 female students were selected voluntarily and randomly divided into 6 groups. Group 1: High intensity exercises (90-80% of maximal heart rate) + Supplements, Second group: High intensity exercises (80-90% maximum heart rate) + Placebo use, Group 3: Moderate intensity exercises (75-65% Maximum heart rate) + Supplements, Group 4: Medium intensity exercises (75-65% Maximum heart rate) + Placebo use, Group 5: Control + supplementation, Group 6: Control + Placebo group. All subjects received fasting 14-12 hours before of the first exercise session and further after eight weeks of blood sampling. Data were analyzed using two way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at the level of p.

The statistical analysis showed that eight weeks of aerobic training with two different intensities had no significant effect on iron, farnin, TIBC, TSF, CBC and other blood indices. However high intensity exercise (90-80% of maximum heart rate) improved the level of VO2max (p=0.02).

According to the results of this study, only high intensity exercises can improve VO2max without changing the iron reserves of female students.

The cholesterol accumulation in macrophages and each of the modulating factors of blood circulation and tissue cholesterol levels can be considered as important factor in arthroscholorisis disease. The people usually are interested to ues herbal supplements such as bee pollen due to  the side effects of some authorized and unauthorized artificial supplements The aim of this study was to assess the effect of circuit resistance training and bee pollen supplementation on plasma lipid profiles in young college men.

Twenty three healthy male subjects with an average age of 23.26±2.26 years and body mass index of 23.00±2.88 kg/m2 were divided into two groups including: placebo - training and bee pollen - training. Circuit resistance training consisted of 12 stations (each station lasts for 30 seconds at 40% of one repetition maximum) for two weeks (five sessions per week). Bee pollen was used daily, 10 gr twice a day, in the morning and immediately after exercise (5gr). Blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after the last session and were used for analysis of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins A (Apo A) and B (Apo B). Data were analyzed using by two-way ANOVA and paired samples t-test at p<0.05.

The result showed a significant decrease in the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein (vLDL-C), lipoprotein a [Lp (a)], and Apo B and a significant increase in the levels of Apo A, and Apo A/Apo B in the bee pollen - training group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the levels of variabels among groups (p≥0.05).

Bee pollen supplementation with circuit resistance training significantly improved cardiovascular important parameters. Probably the existance of polyphenols in bee pollen has caused prevention of lipoprotein oxidation and lead to the reduction of Apo B.

The inflammatory markers cause changes in body composition and edocrine activity and lead to cardiovascular disease and diabetes on the other hand, active lifestyle and physical activity may improve these indicators. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks combined resistance and endurance training at morning and evening on Interlukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in overweight men.

40 non- athletes overweight men (age mean 24±1.57 and BMI mean 28.22±3.6) were randomly allocated to two groups morning and evening combined training and two groups morning and evening control. Morning and evening training groups performed the combined training protocol three sessions per week for 8 weeks. The combined training program included a strength and endurance training that subjects first implemented a strength and then endurance program at their practice sessions. While the control groups were denied doing training programs during the research period. Blood samples (5 cc) were taken from the participants at the beginning of the period and end of week 8 in order to measure CRP, IL-6. Within-group differences were analyzed by paired samples t-test and the between-group differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (p<0.05).

The results showed 8 weeks of combined training in the morning and evening decreased CRP and IL-6 in the experimental groups compared with the control groups.

According to results of this study, combined training in the morning and evening reduces the percentage of pre-inflammatory factors, although there was no significant difference between these indices in the morning and in the evening, Therefore, overweight men can be advised to take advantage of a strength-endurance training program regardless of training time to reduce cardiovascular risk factors.

The intensity, duration, and type of daily exercise trainings can influence oxidative damage and antioxidant system of the body. The aim of this research was to study of daily 1 and 2 incremental training sessions on serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in active girls.

  In this semi-experimental research, 21 physical education girls students were selected and randomly divided (n=7) into two experimental groups and one control group. The control group prohibited any participation in physical activity. The first experimental group trained 1 session per day; while the second one performed 2 sessions of training per day (both for 7 days). Training protocole included running on treadmill up to 6-8 kilometer per hours. After 3 minutes, participants run 1 minute up to 3 kilometer per hours as recovery and then the speed of their activity increased 2 kilometer per hours until exhaustion. For biochemical analysis, venous blood samples collected before training, after 1th, 4 th,7 th day of training, and finally 24 hours after the last session. The results were extracted by repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD tests at the significant level of p

In both experimental groups, the activity of AST and ALP increased significantly after 1th, 4 th,7 th day of training (p≥0.05), while the AST levels of the experimental groups decreased to baseline after 24 hours recovery.

These results suggest that incremental training sessions (1 or 2 sessions per day) may increase serum ALT, AST and ALP activity, but these abnormal changes can modifiy by adequate recovery.

Occlusion training is a new training method that has a favorable effect on blood cells and also simulates the effect of training under hypoxia. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of short-term sub-maximal cycling along with blood flow restriction on serum level of red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (Hct ) in active males.

 In this way, 24 physical education and sport sciences students from Kharazmi university were selected. They were assigned into three groups based on maximum power cycling including blood flow restriction group (n=8), cycling activity with unrestricted group (n=8) and control group (n=8). The Occlusion training and non-occlusion training groups have been trained for 3 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Each session included 3 stages of cycling with maximum power of 50 percent with a rest interval of 30-45 seconds for every session which lasted 3 minutes. The amount of pressure on the thigh of participants in the restriction group was 140-170 mm/Hg and the dependent variables were measured by using the cellular cell device containing anticoagulant. For statistical analyzing dependent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey tests were used at the level of p≤0.05.

The results showed that 3 weeks of submaximal cycling with blood flow restriction induced significant changes in RBCs, HGB and Hct (p≤0.05) as compared to pre-test. But these changes were not significant in the non-occlusion training and control groups. On the other hand, The inter-group analyses showed that after 3 weeks of submaximal cycling, there are significantly differences between restriction and no-restriction group regarding HGB (p=0.02), RBC (p=0.002) and Hct (p=0.03) indices

The results revealed that the local blood restriction during submaximal cycling have a positive effect on the blood levels of HGB, RBC, and Hct. Therefore oclussion training can simulates some degree of exercise effect in hypoxia conditions.