مجله جغرافیا و توسعه
پیاپی 58 (بهار 1399)

The issue of cognition in Geography focuses on the human, environment and relationship between them. The question now is that by changing the concept of human at different times, has the Geographers' way and interacting with the environment also changed? Therefore, the return to the past and understanding intellectual developments can reveal the evolution of our ideas and our way of thinking today and help deepen our understanding of the future. The historical evolution in the thought of theorist Geographers shows that their opinion in humans is constantly changing and has evolved from a "historical" being to a "social", "multi-dimensional", "spiritual" and "transformed human" phenomenon. These differences are reflected not only in theoretical understandings but also in their method and type of analysis. The fundamental question can now be asked whether these differences have influenced the type of Geographers' practical experience in dealing with the environment. And has this led to certain strategic changes? This research has been carried out with the method of phenomenology and analysis of Geographic texts in six historical periods in the new era (1900-2020) and emphasizes the following points:- Geographers' perceptions of the human concept have shaped the basis of their understanding in dealing with the environment.- The difference in Geographic views that focuses on the difference in the concept of human not only define the Geographers' functional strategies in different ages in dealing with the environment, but have also changed their definition of Geographic knowledge.

Scenario planning is used when the implementers intend to formulate public policies in a consistent manner. This method allows decision makers to consider a range of believable futures, because in order to achieve a balanced and comprehensive development at the regional level, information is needed from past experience and knowledge about the future. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of a balanced, gap-based development study based on baseline scenario planning. The present research is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of its nature, due to the prospective analytical-exploratory futures approach. The prevailing approach to this research is quantitative-qualitative. The required information was collected using documentary and field methods. The factors influencing regional development through a questionnaire were collected from 30 experts, experts and elites of Ardebil province through purposeful sampling and then its matrix was formed and for analyzing the indices and criteria, Mick McAnalyst software and Wizard scenario were used. The results of the analysis show that among the 51 key factors, 13 factors in the regional development of Ardabil province are effective. By providing a portfolio of scenarios for these factors, 41 possible scenarios were identified for them. In total, two strong scenarios, 1841 poor scenarios, and 20 credible scenarios were obtained.

Sand dunes are always moving due to various variables such as wind, sediment grain size, humidity, topography, morphology of hills and vegetation coverage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of displacement of the Rig-Zarin surface in the northwest of Yazd city. To assess the changes and developments of the sand dunes, time series satellite observations of Landsat TM were utilized from 1977 to 2017. The results showed that the area of the sand dunes fluctuated during this time period, while increased in some time and decreased at another times. Nevertheless, the overall process of changes was incremental during the whole period, and the surface of the sand dunes has developed about 60 Km2. The results also showed that in the two periods of time, from 1987 to 1993, as well as from 1998 to 2002, the area has decreased. In addition, the gradient of the incensement of area has not been the same and in some intervals the increase has been much more impressive. But, from 2002 to 2008, the increscent of area was less than 2Km2 which are associated with increasing or decreasing soil moisture content. In the moist years, there is no possibility of area development, and the sand dune is compressed, so its surface has been reduced. But in droughts, especially in the last 10 years, the development of the surface area of the Rig-Zarin was considerably impressive (about 30 Km2). Also, the results showed that the direction of movement has always changed.

Tourism is one of the most important development tools in the world. Golestan province based on natural, historical and cultural resources The region is prone to the development of the tourism industry And This province should be in its future policies and plans Pay particular attention to tourism as an effective tool for continuing the process of political, cultural and economic development. Therefore, this research is aimed at developing scenarios for developing the tourism area of Golestan province with a future study approach. In terms of the purpose of this research, the method is a combination of documentary and scrolling methods. The statistical population of this research includes all experts.Which has enough knowledge and experience in the tourism sector. The non-probabilistic sampling method is using two methods for judging and snowball sampling. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire and an interview with experts. The results of this study Based on the Mic-Mac software output showed that the eight main factors affecting the future development of the Golestan province are influential. According to these, eight factors include private sector participation, tourism acceptance culture, entrepreneurship in the tourism sector, establishment of shopping centers, security of domestic and foreign tourists, incomes of the tourism sector and infrastructure of the government in the tourism industry. four scenarios were identified and selected Based on the twofold "uncertainty" and "importance," For the four likely future of Golestan province from the combination of two axes of uncertainty "tourism entrepreneurship" and "tourism acceptance culture".

This quantitative research is the descriptive analytic study. The aim of This Study is the investigate status of environmental sustainability in rural settlements in Iran, that was conducted as a case study in rural area Ravansar Township. Is the study sample test, all householder of rural in Ravansar Township (5668 = N) and Due to the Financial constraints and time and the lack of a census, Using the Bartlett et al Table and Was estimated 185 of them as statistical sample. Eventually, by selecting the targeted villages, Questionnaires were distributed randomly among heads of 26 selected villages. The main research tool was the researchers’ questionnaire, which were confirmed its validity and reliability, Principles and methods of field research conducted amended several times. The results showed among the ten environmental indicators examined Two indicators (Air stability and forests and meadows stability, respectively with The 0.150 and 0.559 coefficient of variation Was Stable and unstable environmental indicators in villages of Ravansar Township. Also, according to the mean of the environmental sustainability (2.63) and Results the frequency distribution table, can be said that environmental sustainability in rural city Ravansar Township Not in good condition. Nevertheless, the results the ANOVA test showed, between the districts of the Rawansar Township in terms of environmental sustainability there is a significant difference with the 0.99 confidence. Results The Tukey test showed that two district (Dawlat Abad and Quri qaleh) respectively with an average rank of 2.354 and 3.31, Are unstable and stable district.

Good rural governance is a prerequisite for sustainable rural development, by establishing good rural governance in the rural environment, decentralization, rural resource management, and public participation, the partnership between the government and civil society and the private sector can be institutionalized in the rural community. The present study was conducted to analyze the management role that is based on good governance in rural sustainable development of the Filestan disrtict of Pakdasht Township. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and the research method is descriptive-analytic. Data collection was done in both documents and field (questionnaires) in nine indicators: participation, transparency, the rule of law, equity, accountability, responsibility, Supervision, Effectiveness & Efficiency, and specialization. The statistical population of this research is the Households of the studied villages, which according to the Cochran formula, the sample size of 354 families was calculated. To analysis data using Shannon's technique, Copras technique, Vikor model. Mean and one sample t-test And regression step by step Used. In this research, by using the Shannon technique, the accountability index has the highest score (0.9811) and the specialization index have the lowest level (0.8631). Based on the COPRAS technique, the Filestan Village has the best and According to the VIKOR model, the Filestan Village is ranked first in terms of sustainability among other villages And the result of the stepwise regression test shows that the beta value of the accountability index with β = 0.325 has the most importance in increasing the rural governor's level.

One of the important features of climate change is dry season persistence. Dry season continuing could effect the intensity and frequency of precipitation events as well as other climatic factors. Accordingly, the climatologists have recently been concentrating on this issue. According to the American Meteorological Society (AMS) a dry season is an annually recurring period of one or more months during which precipitation is at a minimum for that region. Changing in dry season length took a lot of expert's attention all over the world while it did not catch a lot of Iranian experts attention. In current study the changes in mean of length of dry season over Iran is considered. The objective of this research is to know and statistically analysis spatial pattern of length of dry season. Accordingly, daily database from 1961 to 2010 which have 15 15 km resolution are used. The spatial pattern of dry season follows the mountain chains pattern except in northwest and southeast of the country as well as some small parts of northern parts of Iran. Trend analysis showed that about 77.2 of the country experienced increasing in the length of dry season on average by 2 days per year. This event tends to pay a strong attention toward water resources managements.

The present paper seeks to identify the obstacles and problems, in Creating an appropriate environment for the villagers of the border and deprived Marivan and Sarvabad County to entrepreneurial micro businesses. Data gathering in the theoretical part was done by using documentary resources and in the practical section with survey method and based on distribution of questionnaire among 78 employed rural in the micro businesses and 25 knowledgeable and specialized developers in rural issues who were chosen by using Purposeful sampling method. Data analysis was performed by inferential statistics (factor analysis and Pearson correlation and partial correlation) and indicates that in total, there are four factors including; weakness in planning, executive performance of public institutions and Failure to supply infrastructure and services and facilities, weaknesses in marketing, sales and technical and practical barriers, Social and cultural barriers and constraints training and financial resources constraints, are most important obstacles facing tendency of villagers to operate in entrepreneurial micro businesses in the villages of the region. Among them, weakness in planning, executive performance of public institutions and Failure to supply infrastructure and services and facilities have the greatest impact on the tendency of villagers to entrepreneurial micro businesses. Also, the results showed According to the severity of the impact of these environmental barriers in the region, Personal variables can not reduce effectiveness them In the villagers' desireto micro-entrepreneurial businesses

According to researchers, social resilience is a condition in which the society adapts to changes that have been made, such as accidents, etc. In other words, the community's ability to respond to emerging crises. The main objective of this research is to investigate the rate of social resilience with the transition approach in urban areas, raising the community's ability to respond to crises. To this end, the district of Hamedan has been selected. The type of research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. The sample size for the study area (one in Hamedan) is equal to (384) using the Cochran formula. Data collected by a questionnaire adjusted using Likert scale was analyzed by SPSS software (one way analysis of variance). Finally, according to the results, it was determined that the area of one city in Hamedan is not suitable for social upheaval with transition approach and this region is very weak in terms of the ability to change and adapt and return to the rear after the accident. Finally, in this research, in order to realize the goal of this research, suggestions are presented.

Data analysis was performed by using inferential tests (Friedman rank, t single-sample, Spearman correlation), and analysis and zoning tools analysis carried out in ArcGIS environment(Hot spots, self-correlation of moron, interpolation) showed that the persistence of droughts and the shortage of water caused by decreasing the amount of livelihoods (average financial resources; 2.08; natural: 2.25; human: 2.28; physical: 2.39; Social: 2.56); lack of transformational institutions; local and state inefficient governance and management; adopting negative strategies such as immigration and asset sales; lack of desirable resilience (2.29 average) for coping and compatibility, and finally, the creation of negative consequences such as: the spread of poverty and deprivation, livelihood vulnerability, and the formation of unsustainable and inadequate occupations and incomes, causing vulnerability and severe instability in the livelihoods of villagers in the region. Meanwhile, most of the area and number of villages have been reduced to a high level of livelihoods and very low levels of resilience and have been distributed randomly. Finally, the results of the correlation test indicated that the three variables, the population (correlation intensity: 0.392), the amount of income sources diversity (correlation intensity: 0.297), and the amount of government support (correlation intensity: 0.197) with a significant relationship of the positive and direct type were the most important factors in explaining the spatial difference and the instability of livelihoods of villagers due to the effect of drought risk.

While women account for half of the rural population and have many potential for contributing to social and economic activities, but neglecting about capacity building and empowerment, they have created many challenges for rural women and their ability. Attention to women's abilities in order to empower can increase their participation in livelihoods by increasing their ability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate capacity building for empowerment of rural women. The present research is an applied objective and the method of doing that is scrolling method. The statistical population includes rural women in Zanjan city (N = 43559). In this case 381 women were selected as samples by Cochran formula and using quota sampling. The relationship between capacity building and women's empowerment was investigated by Using Univariate Exploratory Equivalence Ratio to identify the dimensions of capacity, a single-sample t-test was used to assess the capability and, using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that from the four dimensions considered for measuring rural capacities, respectively economic dimensions (0.613), social dimension (0.133), structural-institutional (0.191) and environment (118.3) 0) are The most important dimensions of capacity building for rural women.

Evaporation is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle and its precise estimation is essential for many studies, including planning and managing water resources. In addition, water resource management has been considered on the basis of sustainable development in the world and sustainable development, in simple terms, is such a development and management that can clearly establish, maintain and enhance human quality of life at all times. Therefore, management of this vital resource in the context of the above definition is of more importance in countries with a dry and semi-arid climate. In this regard, evaporation is one of the climatic parameters and has affected the arid and semi-arid regions more than ever. Therefore, increasing awareness about the evolution of evapotranspiration is of great help to experts in the field of water resources management in the area of watershed management and agricultural operations.In Sistan, the high temperatures and winds have caused the total of 1.5 billion cubic meters of water stored in four half wells in Sistan to evaporate very large volume water annually from the surface of the half wells. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to calculate the evaporation rate, study the process of evapotranspiration,evaluate the accuracy of time series models including ARIMA,Holt-Winters, and extracting the trend models in estimating the evaporation rate and prediction of evaporation over the coming years in the Sistan partial water half wells.