نشریه اندیشه معماری
پیاپی 7 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

Due to architectural scholars disagree about the nature of Islamic architecture, this paper discussed in nature and the possibility of Islamic architecture. Due to different definitions of architecture, science and art are two main dimensions of architecture. Thus, one of the methods of achieving Islamic architecture, is addressing both religious science and religious art. Given the breadth of the subject, in this paper, the nature of Islamic architecture was presented. Thus In first step, religious science was identified and then the necessity of religious Science and history of it, the nature of science, religion and religious Science was presented. Depending on the authenticity of the religious ideologues of experimental, narrative, or a combination of these two doctrines, there are different points of view of religious science in Iran: Some like Ayatollah Javadi Amoli believes that science is all around religious and it can’t be divide into religious or secular science, some believe that is necessary, possible or even done. (Such as the Academy's vision, Golshani, Nasr, Zibakalam, Bagheri), some belive that religious science is not necessary, neither possible nor desirable nor ethical (Soroush, Malekian, Paya). Finally, with regard to the issues discussed, the various definitions of Islamic architecture and selective definition authors have raised. The results showed realization of Islamic architecture is possible and even necessary; Because Islamic beliefs can serve as the forerunner of the designer and religion has comprehensive supervision over all aspects of individual and collective life. Islamic architecture cannot be architecture of Islamic countries because historical study of architecture does not lead to realization and achievement of Islamic architecture. Also Islamic architecture cannot be considered a Muslim architecture because the result of designing a Muslim architect is not necessarily Islamic architecture. Islamic architecture is an architecture that was affected by Islamic values and have religious content and manifest the religious beliefs and values. This values should be extracted from religious source with valid methods (Investigational: Ijtehadi). However, this is not lead to deny the influence of culture, climate and so on in architecture. It’s worth mentioning, as no ideas and thought does not happen without values and interests, Islamic values can affect unconsciously on assumptions of Muslim architect Islamic architecture will be achieved with regard of Islamic values. These values can be converted to the quantitative and tangible principles, and can be measured and can be used with all people, Muslims and non-muslims who are interested in Islamic architecture and in the discovery and justification Phase. . In the second category (non-Muslims) requires proof of the following issues: Why should religious values used and why architecture resulting architecture is superior to the other? Also, different people have different levels of access to Islamic architecture which are not discussed here. The research question of this study is: What is the nature of Islamic architecture? Research method from purpose viewpoint is fundamental and the research, methodologically is qualitative. Library method is used for data collection (documents) and in analyzing the data, logical reasoning and content analysis were used.

Today, the use of incorrect western patterns in urban landscapes has created an identity crisis in contemporary Iranian architecture. To overcome this crisis, authentic Iranian Islamic identity patterns should be identified and presented to designers. In recent years, the importance of public spaces and the value of urban life has come to light again. The most beautiful brick in the cities of Iran belongs to Dezful. The texture of the city of Dezful is the last word in the building decoration of buildings, which unfortunately every corner of it is destroyed. Today there is no common language in the city for the design of buildings, there is no common culture for expression, Uniform materials are not used and they do not follow a specific style. Due to the growth of the city and the creation of structures with different shapes, colors, and textures, the cohesion and the linkage with the structure of the old texture is disturbed. Consequently, there is a clear contradiction between the new form and the old image, which is the result of an unobstructed view of the officials and of the indifference of residents who, as a result of their immigration, there have been and this will destroy the culture and identity of the city. In this paper, identifying elements of the house entrances that establishes the connection between inside and outside, private and crowded, private and public recognized. Twelve samples examined to observe which parameters are more relevant. The present research is a descriptive, analytical, and survey study and library method used for collection data and documents, qualitative and quantitative method applied for content analysis. In this regard, after the terminology and expression of the meanings of the Islamic identity and Islamic terms, the effective components were extracted. Then, by examining the views of the old houses of Dezful, the identity elements were identified by the views and these elements are investigated in three sections of the entrance (.1 above the roof; 2. Entrance; 3. Entrance door) in two categories of underground and lower houses. The results show that in the entrance of the houses of Dezful citizens in the old context have been co-ordinated with their social values. Also, in the façade body of the entrances and door entrances of the houses, more identical Islamic culture elements are used in wealthy house owners. But in the eaves parts it is different, in lower income house owners have more Islamic identical elements and also the brick was the only element that had all the values of Islamic culture and the oldest materials used in Iranian architecture since 3000 years ago have always been of interest to Iranian architects. In result, the overall view of the house entrances of the old context in Dezful, wealthy owner houses with 79.16% of the more identical elements that represent the Islamic cultural identity than the lower income owner houses with57.29%, Then the facade of the entrances of the wealthy owners'' houses has much more Islamic cultural identity elements than the houses of lower income owners. but it should be mentioned that in the houses of the lower income owners, using more than 50% of identical elements, homogeneous materials and similar patterns causes a unifying order in old context of the Dezful city.

Kashan has long been As the Alavian refuge And it is one of the first Shiite cities in Iran. This city has its historical background It reaches the Silk Hills seven thousand years ago After opening their gates to the Islamic Guard Corps In the year 24 AH he accepted Islam And it didn't take long for the Shiite religious signs to appear. Meanwhile, the great Sufis were instrumental in expanding the teachings of Ibn Arabi and Suhrawardi They emerged in Kashan. Kashan was able to accommodate this freedom of religion To provide the opportunity for Sufi and Shia elders to come together And leading the development of Shiite-Sufi ideas Heidar Amoli later described and expanded it. This research after studying these ideas in Kashan It shows its impact on local rulers and the people How they have renamed their urban and architectural structures according to Shiite-Sufi teachings And they created specific signs in the city that later appeared in Isfahan School. These are signs like mosques and shrines Together, create a unified set of two Shiite and Sufi religions At the same time, the separate structure derives from the principle of unity of Ibn Arabi's existence Its largest exponent was Abdul Razaq Kashani, who had many followers in Kashan. Although Abdul Razaq Kashani and his contemporaries in Kashan have perished But in the seven to ten centuries of Kashan Next to the mosques and the big schools Have been founded. The mosque of the Emadi Mosque next to the Emadi Mosque is one such example This complex seems to be the school, the Shiite and Sufi worship center And service and market groups together Which later became well-known in the Isfahan It comes from Shi'i-Sufi ideas from scholars such as Abdul Razaq Kashani and from Kashan. Geographical location of Kashan Despite this ancient city located on the way to Ray, Isfahan and Khorasan It does not provide an opportunity for governments They did nothing but loot This region was never the capital of the state But mystics and scholars have grown up whose ideas have been enduring and influential for centuries. Kashan was one of the first Shiite cities in Iran in the early Islamic centuries. In Kashan, there are a large number of Imam Kazim children. There are also numerous Sunni houses of worship in Kashan It shows the mystical tendencies in this city. Homes that have already been demolished but have been mentioned in historical sources. The existence of these centers indicates that Kashan has experienced mystical and mystical tendencies for centuries. This feature made Kashan one of the most vibrant mystical centers of Iran during the Ilkhanid and Timurid period. The presence of scholars with a tendency toward Sufism as well as Shiite principles It led to the creation of a philosophy based on the ideas of unity of Ibn 'Arabi in the eighth and ninth centuries. Kashan has been able to accommodate this freedom of religion so as to provide the opportunity for Sufi and Shia elders to come together.

After the Islamic Revolution of Iran, education of architecture continued at two associate degree courses and contiguous master’s degree courses. This way in associate degree and contiguous master’s degree courses, continued to train map designers, and architects with a compositional entrance exam which was thoroughly based on sketch and basics of architecture. The curriculum of universities was prepared by the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution and sent to all units. This program was the same for all units. The contiguous master’s degree courses was held in eight state universities and five Islamic Azad universities. And at other universities in the country, the course was held in an associate degree courses. This way lasted for about 16 years. However, from about two decades ago (1378 SH) at state universities, and from the following year at Islamic Azad Universities (1379 SH), contiguous master's degree course were removed from the country's educational courses, and the bachelor's degree course and non-contiguous master's degree course was founded. And the field of architecture was also ranked among other engineering disciplines. The present study aims to investigate and compare these two types of contiguous master's degree and non-contiguous master's degree and plans to introduce a more appropriate method. This applied study was of descriptive-analytical type and evaluation study in nature. The explanatory method was used for data collection. In the present study we first discuss the educational content and the foundations of architectural education and whatever an architecture' graduated should learn. Then, experts' opinions and perceptions were asked regarding the educational content using a likert scale questionnaire. Then, we review the interpretations and opinions of faculty members of the faculty of architecture, employers (consultants) and graduates of the two periods discussed. Experts' comments professors (including experienced academic staff memebers who had the experience of teaching for the both periods of contiguous master’s degree course and non-contiguous master’s degree course) were received by interview. In order to receive the views of faculty members, employers, graduates of the faculty, the likert scale questionnaire was prepared and their opinions on the subject were discussed. The questionnaires were analyzed quantitatively and SPSS software was used for this purpose. And the interviews were categorized by MAXQDA 12 software and analyzed qualitatively. From the summing up of the views of university professors, employers, graduates and experts, There is a significant difference between graduate contiguous master's degree course with graduate bachelor's degree course and non-contiguous master's degree course in all areas of the foundations and components of architectural education. And graduates contiguous master's degree course are superior to graduate non-contiguous master's degree course. This excellence is visible in all areas of the foundations and components of architectural education (knowledge especially wisdom and competence) and in all its items. According to significant difference in architecture with other disciplines and the need for multidimensional student education in this field, bachelor's degree course and non-contiguous master's degree course are not considered to be a suitable and successful way. And the revision of the current style seems necessary.

Children are an important part of the citizenry of any society.They are also different mentally, physically, in personality, and in behavior. The look and needs of adults are different. Children are always exposed to adults by different environments.Hospitals are one of the environments in which children generally interact and spend time in their lives. In the meantime, therapies are often undesirable and frightening to them. Therefore, the fundamental issue of establishing an emotional bond between the child and the therapeutic environment is considered as one of the effective factors in the process of treating children. Therefore, it is necessary to address the issue of designing desirable therapeutic spaces for children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the doctrines of child participation in the design process of child-friendly spaces (Case Study: Bojnourd Therapeutic Spaces). The research began with the question, "What are the general principles of designing child-friendly therapeutic spaces?" The research method is descriptive with a practical purpose. The statistical population of the study consisted of 6-12 year old children living in Bojnourd who had at least one hospitalization history. The sample size consisted of 50 boys and girls who were selected by purposeful sampling. Due to the lack of appropriate physical or mental conditions in hospitalized children, they were less likely to cooperate with the interviewer. Therefore, children who were previously healthy and hospitalized were used. They were observed during the period of August and September 2019. The method of data collection was library, observation and open interview. Theoretical foundations of the research were extracted from library resources. Studies show that there are many tools for engaging with children. Painting was chosen as a tool for engaging with children. Since children will participate maximally when they are confident the outcome of their collaboration is practical, the interviewer shared with the children at the beginning of the discussion that "We want to help you design a hospital based on your ideas". The interviewer also committed to all the children and their parents that all of the respondents' personal information was kept with the research team. The children expressed their ideas and ideas in their paintings. At the end of each painting, the child was asked to describe his or her painting. The examiner noted the important points behind each sheet. The paintings were quantitatively analyzed by experts in the field of child psychology and architecture. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics using Excel 2010 software and inferential statistics using SPSS 25 software. Findings showed that the characteristics of desirable therapeutic environment are summarized in terms of children, respectively, in three domains: architectural features, personnel behavioral principles and the existence of specific characteristics in therapeutic spaces. The result of the research in the field of architectural features showed that the teachings of child participation in the process of designing child-friendly therapeutic spaces consist of five principles. These include focusing on the design of inpatient rooms, the controlled design of outdoor and green spaces, the inpatient room as a home, the childlike appearance in the entrance design, and the childlike appearance in the form and outline of the building.

Mentally retarded children are distinguished from other children by differences in the components of intelligence and adaptive skills. Literature review has shown that adaptive skills that are actually capable of adapting to environmental requirements, communicating with others, and meeting personal needs and also different aspects of independent lifestyles can be enhanced by solutions and designing space can play an impressive role in this issue. The main question of this research is which qualitative characteristics of interior design in these schools have positive effect on promoting adaptive skills? In this study, which seeks to find the qualitative principles of designing schools to promote adaptive skills, qualitative and quantitative approach has been used together. The research started with library studies and defining the most effective factors on improving adaptive skills. At the first step research community consists of psychologists, the second stage is the special children psychologists and also architects, and for the last stage the teachers of these children were selected to approve the results. The samples of this research were selected using Delphi technique and after identifying the effective factors on improving the adaptive skills , an questionnaire was codified to ask the specialist about the spatial characters. Afterwards, the correlation method is used to test the research hypotheses. Considering the effective spatial traits and the factors that influence the development of adaptive skills, the next questionnaire was distributed among the architects and the architectural solutions were extracted.In the last step, a survey was conducted to assess the impact of architectural solutions on the components of adaptive skills development of these children's instructors. According to the results of this research, the principles are such as the design of simulated spaces with community that provide a place which is suitable for face with challenges may students face with in society in future and it can enhance skills such as social use and social connection. Existence of collective spaces should be increased so we can have good places for collaborative and group activities and as a result of that social connections will increase .By using the relaxing form, colors and textures in interior design of spaces, as well as connecting with natural elements of the environment such as plants, water, natural light and soil, we can provide peace and security for children. Flexibility in environment specially in public spaces such as library , corridors and … which provide the manipulation of spaces for children, can also enhance individual independence. It will be achieved by the book shelfs that are reachable and the furniture which can change in order to be used individualy or by groups . For stimulate the senses of students using different colors and non-harmful textures should be regarded. playing music can also help students to be relax. Some other tips are designing a home-like school environment where the students repeat and practice different skills like cooking simple foods, arranging their cloths in the shelfs and other activities which help them to enhances self-help skills and accordingly improve their adaptive skills.

Motivation is an important topic of higher education and effective factors in increasing performance. With this incentive, people follow the necessary mobility for the successful completion of a task, reaching the goal or achieving a certain degree of suitability in their work. Strengthening the motivation for progress creates energy and directs the needs of individuals towards specific goals. According to the nature of architecture science and its physical interventions in the environment, the position of the environment and external stimuli has more closely with the scope and architectural measures, which is an effective factor in motivation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of environmental architectural variables related to the satisfaction of housing in student dormitory in predicting the progress motivation of dormitory students in the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2018-2019 academic year. After setting up and validation of the research questionnaires, the results of this study were broadcast in the statistical population and before that, the necessary coordination with the Office of dormitories of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili and the necessary permissions for distributing the questionnaire were obtained among dormitory students. Then, with the presence of antegrade and expressing the objectives of the research, while observing the ethical standards, the confidentiality of information and being optional completed the questionnaire was remembered. The total of 300 questionnaires were recorded between volunteer students, 268 complete questionnaires and entered into the SPSS 22 software. Further findings and results of software analysis are provided. Results showed that satisfaction of environmental factors including physical, social and managerial factors has a significant relationship with the motivation of students ' progress. Among the physical components, physical characteristics of the building (p<0/000, r=0/19), facilities and physical services (p<0/020, r=0/12), and social factors, personalization and privacy (p<0/001, r=0/23), Social Security (p<0/04, r=0/10), spatial belonging and Attachment (p<0/001, r=0/15), and managerial factors (p<0/001, r=0/22), There was a positive and significant relationship with achievement motivation. The results of multiple regression showed that the predictive variables of 41% of the variance of students ' achievement. Due to the nature of architecture and its physical interventions in a built environment, it is possible to improve the satisfaction of dormitory spaces because attention to environmental factors can enhance the motivation of progress in young students. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between social factors (social density in space, personalization and privacy, societal security, spatial belonging and attachment, participation and community socialization) with the motivation of students residing in dormitory. In fact, social factors are effective in improving motivation through housing students ' satisfaction. In other words, students who have more satisfaction with the social characteristics of their dormitory have also had more motivation. The results also showed that dormitory management factors have a significant relationship with achievement motivation in students. Therefore, we conclude that the planning and services provided by the dormitory managers has an important role in increasing the satisfaction and motivation of students residing in the dormitory.

Recent research in the field of dwelling studies combined with the integration of economic models has led to the creation of new methods for studying the properties of housing. The strength of these studies is to use it to review the different levels of housing planning. The necessity of this research is to develop a framework by which they can predict the needs and priorities of individuals in choosing dwelling and their implications for housing programs. Considering the exploratory nature of the problem of studying the meaning of dwelling features, the research method of this paper will be qualitative and based on rational reasoning. The process of collecting, analyzing the research data consists of two main stages: "collecting" and then "analyzing the data". The process of data collection includes the stages of research sampling, extraction of spatial features of the environment, extraction of behavioral characteristics, questionnaire design, structured semi-structured interviews and finally monitoring and review of observation and interview based data. After selecting appropriate research samples, the physical characteristics of the environment were documented by drawing architectural maps. Therefore, after performing the above steps and relying on the concepts of the theoretical framework of the research, a number of exploratory interviews were conducted to understand the categories in question. The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire for semi-structured interviews in accordance with the means-end model. The interview process, based on the means-end model, was conducted according to the recording of spatial features and characteristics of housing behavior settings and research questionnaire. Information collected in the form of spatial order maps, diagrams of behavior settingss, images of environments and activities, content of interviews and researcher's perceptions of observation and interviews were analyzed and reviewed for its content. The information encoding approach by the above method is based on "open, axial and selective" encoding, which is used in this study. In the first step, all data were considered as "open coding". In the second step, the data was coded as "selective" in the analysis of spatial data, behavioral data analysis, and spatial regulation change data analysis. In the third step, the analytical data were "axially coded" to obtain the analytical points to conclude the research. The means-end model that has been used in the field of marketing has been used and developed in recent years through research in recent decades. The means-end model is a model that tries to attribute individual choices to their fundamental values and goals. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed framework of this study, the application of this method has been done in a case study of the housing environment, that the tangible process of explaining the propositions and the sequence diagram of the consequence-meaning of the features through the coding of research data within the framework of the means-end model be understandable. What the research is addressing is the need for new approaches in the field of housing studies using the means-end model, which state, how to optimize the process of using the means-end model in housing research.

In the present era, the issue of Quality of Life (QOL) and its promotion among dwellers of residential units and also evaluation of its affecting factors has become a challenging problem. In fact, it requires a meticulous scrutiny of theoretical frameworks in the field of architecture, sociology, and psychology. In the present investigation the element of light and the role of skylights and light patterns, as natural tools, are focused to evaluate the QOL among residents of apartments. According to the conducted investigations and the relation between residents’ perception and light, fractal geometry has been utilized to receive light in internal space of apartment as the fractal geometry, based on human’s visual perception, has homogeneity with nature in terms of shapes and lines and it is easy to process its aesthetics via the cognitive and visual capabilities of humans. The main aim of the present study is to evaluate QOL of dwellers of residential units considering the role of relevant affecting factors in the apartments in which the fractal geometric skylights are utilized. The present investigation asks how light patterns in fractal geometry affect the QOL of residents of apartments. In this study, the rationalistic, argumentative (inductive, deductive), and scientific approaches are adopted. The present investigation has practical nature in answering its main question and its administration process includes a mixture of qualitative and quantitative approaches. In terms of objective, the present study is a descriptive, analytic, and interpretative so that the validity of findings would be assessed through rationalistic arguments and based on descriptive and analytical approaches. Data collection is carried out via both library and field research methods. In field research, university academic staffs who are expert in the field of research methods and also public comments (as residents of multi-floor apartments) are utilized by filling the questionnaires and conducting interviews with specific age and education target groups. Questionnaire, interviews and Microsoft Office Excel were used to evaluate the case samples. Conventional theories on light, skylights, fractal geometry and 8 samples of designed and implemented buildings in Tehran (as case samples completed after architecture competition movement in 2001) are taken as independent variables and the comments of dwellers of the mentioned buildings based on affecting factors on QOL are considered as dependant variables. Totally, the findings are classified under three categories of objective, subjective, and objective-subjective. Their indexes are also classified in separate tables and by utilizing Lickert scale with the score ranges of 34 out of 40, 49 out of 55, and 46 out of 55, respectively. Finally, regarding the content of the research , and based on the high scores gained from positive comments of dwellers in most of the evaluated items it is concluded that windows and skylights in which the fractal geometry is used has positive effects on the QOL of residents and can also promote their QOL if implemented. It is necessary to mention that, items such as “construction, repair, and maintenance costs” and its relevant indexes in objective group and “space continuity” in subjective group, and “resistance to natural disasters” in objective-subjective category are the weak points of the present investigation as commented by residents. Thus, it is necessary to develop strategies to resolve the present demerits of these skylights as well as maintain their positive aspects.

Identification of distinguishable species of rural housing and expression of factors affecting these differentiation in the northern part of Maragheh city is the main mission of this research. Geographical variation in the city of Maragheh, that expanded on the one hand to the slopes of Sahand Highland and on the other side of the plain margin of URMIAH lake, It has created a variety of textures and rural housing that has become less studied. Some villages, due to less change in their livelihoods, still provide relatively partial examples of regional architecture. The true representation of the so-called local and local architecture of Maragheh can be traced to some of its villages. Such villages still offer relatively intact landscapes due to the changes in the livelihoods of their inhabitants. While recognizing some examples of rural native architecture in the region of Maragheh, we have introduced some distinguishable types of housing and introduced the factors influencing these differences as much as possible. For this purpose, were selected the four villages of ASHAN, QESHLAQ, CHAVAN OLYA and SFESTANAJ as samples and examined from the necessary views. The present research has a practical purpose, its data gathering method is documentation and field survey, and is a descriptive and analytical research in terms of the method and nature of the research. The results of the research confirm the preferred role of two factors of spatial characteristics and livelihood conditions in the formation of the main types of rural housing. The status of the mountains and valleys has led the villages back to the mountains and often formed into sunshine and buildings orientation in addition to the sun, follow the topographical position of the place. The target villages are in the altitude range of 1550 to 1900, which is the most suitable area for horticulture and animal husbandry. In addition, the steep slope in these villages was a constraint and, from another perspective, an opportunity to form an attractive and stepped structure. The slope orientation is also a key factor in the construction and orientation of buildings. Because of its abundance and availability, stone is a major building material used in mountainous areas. Rural houses in the area have also grown and grown as natural creatures. Deployment on the ground so that free surfaces are minimized, and building materials such as clay, stone, wood, etc. are more and more responded to climate topics, energy, durability and availability. In general, the rooms are clinging to the livestock area (on the flank or the floor). The dimensions of the spaces are small, their range is distinct and controllable, and the openings for light and visibility and ventilation are minimized. The walls at the junction with the earth are from the stone and above it are clay and stone and brick. The structure of many of the buildings is similar to the ancient style of northwestern architecture in the Urartian period, which we called the hybrid "HYPOSTYLE CALAVEH" pattern. In this composition, a stone walled Floor is formed as a base in the embrace of the sloping ground and a wooden pillar porch in front of the upper floor. Therefore, it can be said that under the influence of environmental, livelihoods, and cultural factors, the building forms a blend of visual extraversion and functional introspection, and the architecture has a special identity called extroverted introversion.

Bazar in Iranian - Islamic city as backbone of a city plays a decisive and very important role in shaping urban space. The relation between human and providing the necessities of his life has been effected directly or indirectly on the shaping of urban space. Today, the economic dimension of the market is mainly discussed while in the past, Bazar contains many aspects which were important too. For this reason in this article tried to all components of Bazar determined and then their roles separately analyzed. These components into two general physical and functional groups they play the role. Components like Role of Architectural Structure, Role of Spatial Separation, Connection role, Economic role, Political role, socio cultural role, Role of Religion and Nationality, entertaining - leisure role, Role of Ethics and Role charity affairs are subjects of this article which shaped by answering two questions of research. The first question is which components could be determined in Iranian - Islamic Bazar and next is questioning about the role of each component of the Iranian - Islamic Bazar in urban life. Hence the purpose of the article ahead is getting clear recognition of original Iranian- Islamic Bazar’s performance, which related to the answer main questions of research. Research’s method is a historical - descriptive and logical argument based on library evidence. Determining components of Bazar, the role of every components in the Bazar and relationship between each of the elements and spaces of the Bazar with urban space and urban context are findings of this article. This article examines all the Components that contribute to this impact Introduces the Bazar as a multi - dimensional architecture to meet the basic needs of the people and the city. All of these components are summarized after investigating the views of the researchers using a diagram or conclusion table and finally the overall consistency of the functions in Diagram 8. The functional dimensions of each component are not only within the range of their influence and can overlap with the other components as well. For example: Religious role in the Bazar can also act as social cultural role, moral role and political role. Or, if one component plays a social role in one society, the same component acts as a cultural role in another, and in another society it presents the same political dimension. Summarizing the findings from the component analysis yields this result that each of these factors has a direct or indirect impact on understanding the role of urban spaces. And all known components work in a strong communication network in harmony. That has also made it a success in its operating environment and also have a positive impact on other components. After answering the first question about the existence of components by fully understanding them, a proper answer to the second question can be found and after knowing exactly the role of each component until the restoration of monuments in relation to market buildings it is best done in both physical and functional dimensions.

Architecture is the embodiment of the culture of a society that is presented and expressed in the form of the physical body and judged. Today, one of the most important issues that architects have come to be interested is the need to durability in architecture and revitalize it. In this regard, the paradigm of phenomenology with an interpretive approach emphasizing the spirit and sense of place, seeks to identify the factors influencing the continuity and durability of place conditioned of human experience and its interpretation, which the researcher is aware of through the interaction with the subject matter. Recognition in this view is not objective and material and has different dimensions and interpretations. In this regard, the purpose of the present research is to emphasize the phenomenological approach in order to discover the architectural durability implications in Tabriz historical Bazaar. the phenomenological approach emphasizing the relationship between elements in one place (the formation of a platform), as well as the human relationship with these elements (to achieve the objective and subjective understanding of the place and to unite with it), seek to examine the spirit and sense of place, which is The main factors are the durability of the place.The system of interpretation and approach of present research is phenomenology, and method of analysis is qualitative methodology and the ground theory method is used for information analysis and the presentation of the final theory. In this regard, the architectural space of the Tabriz Bazaar complex as a model was examined in three components of meaning and identity, the body and space and function; In this research, in addition to being in space and gathering ethnographic information in the field of information gathering, which includes interviewing techniques, deep viewing of spaces, imaging, sound recording and studying documents on case studies, the collection of documents and library for The compilation of theoretical background and research literature has been used. At this stage, the investigators participated in the study area and conducted open and deep interviews about data gathering and the elements and components of the representation of these components were returned under the first 15 concepts of identification and coding; In the next step, each of the durability criteria, under each of the dual phenomena of the soul of the place and sense of place (place identity, dependence to place, and place attachment), at several phenomenological levels and using the axial and selective coding Commenting and determining the subject. Finally, seven major categories were identified: Memorable; Identity; Flexibility and the existence of a variety of symptoms in the Bazaar space and appropriate access to various functions; emphasizing the variety of social, economic interactions and Suitable spatial arrangement of buildings with appropriate scenery has been identified and developed on Bazaar architectural durability. Then, at the final stage, by integrating, comparing, and pondering the categories derived from the previous steps, a core category, entitled "Memorizing and creating a sense of belonging to space in the Bazaar complex, as well as functional development in the linear and progressive axis in Different Dimensions of Social, Economic, Spiritual and Historical Preservation "were selected as the continuity factor of Tabriz Bazaar architecture based on phenomenological approach.

Landscape as natural or artificial environment that understood by human and other creatures and has been a channel for relationship between environment and its residents. But this is not successful in recognition as a whole and there is not a comprehensive result in concluding under an integrated concept due to its holistic conceptual basis on one hand and partial attitude of new sciences on the other hand The recognition of a subject as an independent entity in audience mind and understand of relationships between aspects, dimensions and elements within it and its external links, is named integrity idea. Thus, here we have two categories; first environment that perceived by audience (holistic or partial) as landscape and second is the theme of integrity that wants to give it a unity and present it as a whole. Specialties and sciences that can study environment, each by a way, consider it as an integrated entity and it is possible that ignore other dimensions or consider them as a mental or intangible subjects. Targeting unification to specialized looks in landscape, this research, initially, wanted to determine which aspects of integration will be most noticeable in each of the specializations related to the subject matter. The way this study has chosen to answer this question- instead of referring to specialty fields- is searching the conceptual components of landscape and integrity and then sorting scientific specialty by them. The background research of this article, after a history of definitions and conceptual space in each of the two main themes (Landscape and Integrity), their components has been reviewed from expert point of view and matched them in a table based on the most complete classification. Then, six words (3 word for landscape and 3 word for integrity) were selected from the most perfect classification and was reviewed again with an exploratory approach in relationships between their concepts and meanings. Firstly, three aspects of integration (Image, structure and function) was placed in three aspects of landscape (forms, processes and relationships). With the following composition: Image between forms and relationships, function between relationships and processes, and finally structure between forms and processes. Together, these six words organized a circle of key concepts and components. In this circle- that we can present it on a hexagon- each of the landscape components was confronted with one of the components of integration. In continue, interconnected relationships between integrity and landscape aspects, lead to a three-dimensional conceptual model. This model, not only highlights involved specialty positions and shows that each specialty can search what aspects of the model, but also its geometric formats offers the especial strategy for finding variables to documentation of integration components in landscapes. The basic idea of this article was presenting a model that helps landscape theorists for using the main disciplines related to this category. But what the conceptual model of this paper explains with its geometric metaphors is that basically the integrity of a landscape is conditional on the proportion of cognition derived from each dimension to that of other dimensions. The researcher for measuring landscape integrity, must define variables that can measure the proportion between the three main aspects of the subject (image, structure and function).