پژوهشنامه ادبیات داستانی
سال هشتم شماره 4 (زمستان 1398)

Coherence, according to Halliday, is a semantic concept with various elements; a semantic concept that refers to the relationships in the text and its function that relates one part of the text to other parts of it. Among the types of cohesion elements, the linkage type has been studied in this research and the descriptive and statistical methods have used to examine the frequency and function of cohesive elements in the short story “Dash Acol” to some sort of image and stylistics, in order to tell the audience about the function of these elements in aforementioned story. The results of this study indicate that linkage elements have played an important role in integrating the text, and the author has able to properly communicate the events of the story, in order to use them. In the overall comparison of all the elements of bonding coherence, the “incremental relevance factor” with 76 samples was the most frequent, followed by “temporal relevance” with 59, “contradictory relevance” with 32, and “causal relevance” with 11 instances. They are next. Among the types of incremental relational elements, the “explanatory increment” with 65 is the highest and the “comparative increment” with the two cases the least frequency. Among the temporal relevance factors, the “sequential relevance” which expresses the sequence of events of the story and it is an integral part of the story, with 41 samples the highest frequency and the “done relevance” with the two samples the least are specified.

As a branch of structuralism, narratology tries to study and analyze the structure of fictional narrations in a systematic model. The main concern of narratologists such as Claude Bremon is to find and to identify the elements, repeated techniques and to analyze the different types of discourse in narrations. Up to now, Bremon’s model has been applied in the analysis of some works such as the story of “Rostam and Sohrab”, some narrations of Kalila and Demneh and Dowlatabadi’s Kalidar. Based on the Bremon’s model, the present study has compared and analyzed two short stories of two writers that belonged to the literature of the south province of Iran (Khuzestan) i.e. Ahmad Mahmoud and Adnan Gharifi with the aim of finding some answers to the following questions: May we find Bremon’s model in the structure of short stories? According to the common social and political concept of these two stories, to what extent have Mahmoud and Gharifi used the similar structure for their narrations?The results show that although the short stories do not have the narrative complexity of long stories, they can be placed in Bremon’s model. Sometimes, the creativity of a writer, disturbs the predictions of Bremon’s model and sometimes this creativity changes the framework of Bremon’s model in order to show a special meaning.

The main issue of this article is the analysis of the relations and the character’s customs in the Symphony of the Dead by Abbas Marofi. In this article, the actantial model of Greimas has been used. The six main roles, or in the words of Greimas, actans, are retrieved in this narration: sender, receiver, subject, target, assistant, and opposer. According to the results of this research, in the Symphony of the Dead, the sender is interest that is an abstract concept, not an objective person, and the receiver is Aydin, Aydin is subject,purpose:the achievement of art and poetry, supporter: mother, teacher of Aydin Surma and the family of the Mirzaean, and Aydin's uncle; the opposers of action: Father Aydin, and then his brother, and Ayaz, the guard. The result of this study shows that the Greimas model is somewhat useful and effective in analyzing the characters of Symphony of the Dead by Abbas Mariufi. Based on this model, a reader with a clear mindset can follow the relationships and the customs of the characters and some of the features that Grimes consider in the folklore tales, one of the features of this story is the fact that the hero is both the subject and the receiver.

Alexander the Great has been one of the most influential figures in the history and civilization of mankind. Apart from the historical texts that spoke about the life and personality of Alexander, in a few works, as a poem or prose, Alexander's story has been considered very much. The fictional collections of Nezami have the considerable prominence in the presence of strong and enduring characters. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine and to analyze Alexander's figure as the main character of the story in Sharafnameh and the ways of characterizing of Nezami and how Alexander evolves. The purpose of this research is to investigate the ways of characterization in Sharafnameh poem. For this purpose, the story of Alexander, who is the main character of Sharafnameh will be discussed. The research findings show that, unlike many classical storytellers, Nezami has benefited from the indirect methods more than the direct ones, and the methods used in his work are progressing and they have shown the most complete pattern of characterization in Sharafnemeh.

Critical discourse analysis is a prominent and emerging field of discourse analysis in linguistic studies that goes beyond the mere description of linguistic data, ideological processes, and situational, social, and intertextual contexts that influence the discourse formation. One of the most important and modern approaches to critical discourse analysis is Norman Fairclough's analytical model. In this way, the discourse is examined at three levels: description, interpretation, and explanation. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical approach in the light of Norman Fairclough's approach, it analyzes and discusses the discourse of Sakhbeh al-Bahrain novel by Muhammad al-Bassati, one of the top 100 Arab novels and awarded the 1994 best novel. The results of the research indicate that the description at the level of definition is simple and far from ambiguous, by establishing relationships between vocabulary and there is used the slang vocabulary and terminology by using the predicative, active sentence structure to explain the ideas which are presented. At the level of interpretation, the author has drawn a dominant discourse with an indirect discourse but consistent with his point of view, using a pre-existing paradigm (Lake Manzella). Explaining the novel suggests that the social composition and observation of the situation of the Egyptian people, the hardships of the rural and marginalized people, and the elusive past life are effective reasons for forming the main discourse of the novel, but the elusive discourse accurately reflects the life of the lower classes, their marginalization and the explanation of their lives.

The critical review of stories by using the semiotic and morphological background of the story and by taking Vladimir Prapp's theory of figurative action have led to the creation of successful works in the field of fiction. Maryam Basiri is one of the prominent storytellers in her field of "Dakhil Eshgh" in the field of eight year holy, defense war and Razavi literature. This study is a library-based, analytical-descriptive approach, it is devised and attempted to elucidate Maryam Basiri's ability to create “Dakhil Eshgh” involved in the eight-year period of sacred defense of Razavi literature on the structural and morphological study of these elements; the plot and other elements and their relation to each other and their familiarity with the technical basics of storytelling have produced a distinctive design and a style of expression, and it can be said that the link between the content and the fictional structure in this work is one of sucessful factors.