فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 80 (زمستان 1398)

The speech presented by Fatimah Zahra (PBUH), (11 After Hijrah), addressing Mohajer and Ansar women is worth analyzing within the framework of speech act theory on account of its historical significance. On the basis of this theory, the speaker presents the actions in form of content of propositions while uttering the words. These actions are divided into representative, performative, commissives, declarative and expressive. Following the analysis of this sermon, the article concludes that the representative, expressive and directive acts are mostly observed in that holiness’ sermon. Considering the meaningful relationship between the situational context and the social atmosphere of presenting sermon as well as the speaker’s speech acts, it can be concluded that, these speech acts were selected due to the awareness from the changes come about in the newly developed Islamic community. Accordingly, the recognition and analysis of these actions can provide a ground towards more identification of historical conditions of that era

One of the necessities of appreciating the history of early Islam under the shadow of Holy Quran is the achievement of knowledge regarding the cultural and historical beliefs of Arabs living before the advent of Islam.In spite of the valued achievements of new sciences pertaining to the archeology, it seems that our understanding from the historical indications of Quran verses is of deficiency and ambiguity. Illustrating some sample of essential researches in this regard, the present article is to investigate the issue of Allah’s daughter relying on three idols namely Manat, Latt and Uzza in the primary sources of Islam and to answer the questions including the quiddity of these idols based on the objective evidences remained from the peninsula before Islam, the most important application and properties of them, their history of holiness as well as the main area of worshiping them. The archeological and historical investigations indicate that these idols were the goddesses with various functions and extensively worshipped that entered from areas next to the peninsula.

Quiddity questions are of the main five questions of historical investigations focusing on the discovery of the quiddity of historical events. The concept of quiddity questions and the strategies taken to answer them are considered as the most important issues being worth to be reflected. This article tries to investigate these issues relying on the historical-analytical method and referring to the data collected through the library method. The findings of research reveal that, the historian is supposed to consider the linguistic and semantic changes as well as the application of important instruments such as valid sources and hermeneutic science to answer the quiddity questions

Many of the sources related to the life history of infallible Imams are set in the collection of narrative historiography with their own unique characteristics.However, the question related to the different approaches of the authors on this type of historiography in order to evaluate the historical propositions, has been less reflected. The present writing answers this question through the case study of hadith-based and theological approach of Sheikh e-Saduq related to successorship of Imam Reza (PBUH) to test the hypothesis of inevitability of consideration of two hadith-based and theological approaches in the direction of the evaluation of historical propositions of collection of narrative historiography and based on findings, it is emphasized on this approach that paying a serious attention to the insight and method of the authors and narrators before taking advantage of the narrative historiographical sources is deemed to be an essential matter.

The study of women’s parts taken in various political and social domains of early Islam is considered as one of the necessities of research in order to understand the hidden angles in the events happened in this major historical era. The present article is to analyze the sermon presented by one of the Alawite believers namely Ommol Khair Bent al- Horaish Ibn e- Saraqeh in Safin battle relying on the descriptive-analytical method. According to the findings of this research, Ommol Khair has taken advantage of Quranic verses to describe Muawiyah and those against Amir al- Momenin (PBUH) and besides reproaching worldly-mindedness and negligence, she has prevented them from disagreement with divine orders and obedience of self-will. Her sermon is mainly specified to the verses regarding the divine experiment, patience, unity, foregrounding the dimensions of divine guidance and finally referring to the narrative and intellectual reasons of superiority of Amir al Momenin (PBUH)

The arrangement of authority in Othmani government with more than six centuries of governing in a long lasting and multidimensional process, changed this dynasty from a Turkish emirate to an Islamic government. The development of Othmani conquests from Othman (716 After Hijrah) to Bayezid (804 After Hijrah) is considered the main issue of this research.  This article is to investigate the belief-based and behavioral network supporting Othmani in time of these conquests by studying belief-based approaches and political praxeology. The findings reveal that the two properties of fatalism and tolerance as two social-political belief networks were of high standing positions in Othmani conquests. Moreover, the policy of religious toleration together with the Eastern christians’ fatalism were regarded as the introduction to the conqusest of Byzantine teritorry and othmani tolerance as the behavioral discourse of this government that led to the development of its government.

In spite of appreciated researches done in relation to the Shiite scientists and scholars in the thirteen century After Hijrah, there are numerous researches concerning their life and thoughts being in need of further and reflective investigations. One of the characters of this historical era whose biography is not empty of ambiguity is Sayed Abu Taleb Qayeni (1293 After Hijrah). He was considered as one of the most outstanding scholars of Khorasan and one of the first Shiite thinkers who wrote a treatise related to governorship (Wilayah). Through reviewing the accessible historical sources, the present article is to investigate the present ambiguities in the biography of Sayed Abu Taleb Qayeni particularly in relation to his life history as well as the why and how of his demise. One of the main findings of this research is that the approaches believing in the murder of Qayeni are not authentic. Furthermore, based on the valid and reliable evidences, it seems that he has passed away on the way of hajj in Karachi

Qafqaz region is featured by distinctive properties such as the variety of population, the importance of political geography and cultural relationships is of two effective religious groups namely semi-eastern Muslims and semi-western Christians. The followers of these two religions in time of supremacy of native governors were in collaboration with each other with no tension and rigidity. However, this communication led to the opposition after entrance of the foreign and anti-eastern element namely westernized Russia. This research tries to answer the question of which political element made the coexistence and interaction between religions and cultures in Qafqaz of Islamic era change into opposition between religions and ethnicities. The historical investigation on the trend of religious and social changes reveals that the policy of anti-Islamism and obligatory Russianization targeting Muslims in a fictional identity during the three- hundred domination of Russians on Qafqaz, made their social interaction change into an opposition with Christians and they also lost their religious and cultural unity with the world of Islam. However, Iran had previously collected Muslims and non-Muslims of Qafqaz in a united community through religious tolerance.