نشریه اکوبیولوژی تالاب
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 43، بهار 1399)

The Survey of the ecological characteristics of the species and determining their habitat suitability is one of the main principles of management and conservation of wildlife species. Hence, we need methods that can help assess habitats and can estimate, over time, reduce of their quality. To understand the effects of human activities and the changes of a habitat, it is necessary to make quantitative assessment of the habitat. In this study, the habitat suitability of the red-winged Pratincole (Glareola partincola) in the Shadegan international wetland was investigated using binary logistic regression methods based on presence and absence data, as well as Maxent methods (maximum entropy) based on presence-absence data in 2018. For this purpose, in all accessible sites for randomly, sampling of habitat variables, including vegetation type, water depth, water temperature, water soluble oxygen (DO), PH, water conductivity (EC), vegetation density index (NDVI), distance from the village with the presence and absence data of the red-winged Pratincole was done. Totally, 62 sampling stations were registered in Shadegan international wetlands. The results of the binary logistic regression model showed that the most important environmental variables affecting the presence of the species included water temperature, vegetation type and electrical conductivity of water with the inverse relationship and water depth with direct relation. The results of Maxent analysis showed that the electrical conductivity, PH and water temperature were the most effective factors in the presence of the red-winged Pratincole. In general, factors related to the water characteristics of wetland had the most effect on the presence of the red-winged Pratincole. Therefore, attention to factors affecting water quality and preventing the entry of polluted wastewater into the wetland to maintain the optimal habitat for the red-winged Pratincole can be of great importance.

Rivers are one of the main sources of water supply for uses including agriculture, drinking and industry. The purpose of present study is evaluation of heavy metal pollution levels (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc) in the water of Beheshtabad River. Water samples were collected from 7 stations during February 2016, May 2016, August 2017, and November 2017. The concentration of total arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc elements was determined by ICP-MASS. Descriptive statistics were performed using SPSS software. Also, spearman test was used for investigation of correlation among metals. The average concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and zinc in water samples were 0.6±0.48, 0.08±0.02, 2.03±2.27, 2.24±3.23, 1.29±1.25 and 17.08±19.25 mg/kg, respectively. According to the results of the metal index, pollution load, pollution assessment, degree of pollution, no significant or severe pollution was found in the water samples of the Beheshtabad River. According to the results, the level of heavy metals in the water of the Beheshtabad River was natural, and to prevent river pollution, discharging wastes from fish farming and household sewage should be prevented.

The negative balance of water reserves and reduce the size of static storage aquifers including the effects of the drought phenomenon is repeated on the status of surface and groundwater resources in Iran including Khuzestan province has had an impact. In this study, using fuzzy and ArcGIS version also better understand the effects created in the statistical period on the aquifer Gotvand – Agile plains try to influence the result of the drought on groundwater modern manne and visible as much as possible he predicted.Gotvand Plains - Aghili (with an area of approximately 370 km north Khvzstan province is the the agricultural poles) separated by Karun River is dumped. To determine the patients in the study area input and output data network with the same time step with the corresponding number, wells data was introduced as the basis of monthly data, from 1996 until the end of 2002  considered. Studies showed that groundwater levels in the aquifer is heavily dependent on rainfall and water inputs (irrigation and drainage networks and Karun River) is the also well as the behavior of aquifers in drought fuzzy logic high accuracy And the results of the model with current realities in the region and results of studies and maps in ArcGIS environment is consistent.

Quality Monitoring and protection of wetlands are really important. Therefore, in this research, with the aim of qualitative evaluation of Hashilan wetland located on Kermanshah province, the composition of benthic macroinvertebrates communities using the BMWP and ASPT indices and measurement of Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Conductivity and pH were investigated. Sampling from 4 selected stations with 3 replications was performed during two cold (Winter, 2014) and warm (late Spring, 2014) seasons. The results showed that the highest abundance (68%) in both seasons belonged to the class of the Gastropoda and Valvatidae. Based on the results, the mean of the BMWP index was remarkabley different at diverse stations and seasons (P<0/05), while there was no significant difference between the mean values ​​of ASPT index except in the warm season (P> 0/05). According to the BMWP index in the warm season, the study stations were classified into two good and acceptable groups, and in winter, they were classified into three groups: acceptable, poor, and moderate. According to the results of the comparison of the ASPT index, water quality at the end of spring was classified into three groups with clean, moderate and doubtful. During the sampling period, the highest quality was observed at station 1 (Sabz Ali mirage input) and lowest quality at station 2 (agricultural effluent) and 4 (near the Hashilan village before the output). Also, the index of BMWP with EC and DO had negative and positive correlation at the level of 0/01 respectively and ASPT index with water temperature was positively correlated at 0/05. The results of the present study showed that the Hashilan wetland somewhat affected by contamination caused by human activities. Therefore, it seems that the implementation of coherent managerial rules and proper training of the people of the region can greatly improve the status of this patterned wetland.

Water quality monitoring has economic value in the process of producing clean water and is an important factor in reducing production and water treatment costs. In this study, the spatial variation of groundwater quality for drinking (based on Schuler method) and agriculture (based on the Willcox method) was investigated in Qorveh plain in Kurdistan province based on annual data (2009 to 2014). At first, a map of effective parameters in each method of water quality classification was prepared using the ordinary Kriging method based on data from 59 wells in the year 2018. Then, overlapping the maps, the final map of groundwater quality in the region was obtained for drinking and farming. The qualitative changes in the studied period were evaluated using nonparametric Spearman test and Sen estimator test. The results of the groundwater quality in terms of drinking and farming showed that the areas of more suitable classes are decreasing and the area of inappropriate classes is increasing. Spearman's results showed that 36% and 64% of data showed positive and negative trends at 95% level in wet and dry months, respectively that Groundwater quality has improved in recent months.

population growth and pollutions from sewage discharged of various land uses have resulted in expansion of pollution and water resource constraints. One of the simplest ways to determine qualitative condition of water is using water qualitative indicators that could be used as a decision making tool by managers and experts. NSF is a comprehensive index and efficient tool to determine water quality and classify water resources based on quality; and, it is more applicable than other qualitative indicators of water. The study deals with qualitative review of Kangir River in Ilam Province, through NSFWQI indicator. Qualitative and quantitative data required including those related to the river during two dry and wet seasons have been obtained for 5 stations, from Department of Environment and Regional Water Company in Ilam. Results obtained from the indicator showed that water qualities of river in all points are classified as average and low. Highest indicator value (66) has been related to first station (December 22nd- January 20the); and, lowest value has been related to second station (30) and during Tir and Shahrivar months (June 22nd-July 22nd and August 23rd-September 22nd), after sewage discharge. Throughout the river, quality of water takes an improvement trend so that in last station and near Kangir Dam, again quality of water goes back to average, Which indicates the ability of the river to self-purify. Main reason for reduction of NSF indicator is discharge of non-treated sewage and high value of such parameters as BOD and coliforms, in addition to reduction of DO. In addition to usage made of qualitative indicators, to determine expected reaction of river caused by pollutants, mathematical models have to be used. In present study and to simulate pH, BOD, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and coliform, QUAL2KW model has been used which makes a single dimension simulation of the river, along with non-uniform steady flow. Day and Mordad months (December 22nd- January 20th and August 23rd-September 22nd) have been selected as wet and dry periods of the year; and, the model has been calibrated for each period, separately. Then, 50% reduction scenario in coliform and BOD from point resource of pollution has been implemented for the model under fixed temperature and flow rate. It was shown that NSFWQI indicator would be increased in stations, if the scenario would be performed; and, the increase depends on taking effect from point resources of pollution. Maximum increase of NSFWQI index for Alamdar station (after discharging municipal sewage) by an average of 10 And the minimum increase in the index for the Kapne kran station (last station) will be an average of 2.

Nowadays Water pollution is one of the most important problems in the world and environmental concerns are the major sources of surface water. Shahrood River is one of the most important rivers in Qazvin province.

Sampling was done in two seasons of November 96 (winter) and July 97 (summer) during two times and three replications from 7 stations including Taleghan, Alamoot, RajaeeDasht, Razmian, Loshan, Loshan 1 and 2. Qualitative parameters included: DO, pH, Total Solids, BOD, Turbidity, Temperature, Phosphate, Nitrate and Fecal Coliform. The data were determined using NSFWQI and water quality index of each river section measured.

The results showed that the mean TDS was 180.66 to 329.33 mg/l, pH 8.01 to 8.55, BOD 0 to 2.8 mg/l, DO 5 to 7.5, Coliform 1618.33 to 27300, and Turbidity of 0.73 to 114.9 NTU in summer the TDS 184.66 to 451mg/l, pH 7.73 to 8.55, BOD 0 to 1 mg/l, DO 9 to 13.7, Coliform 162/33 to 1653/333, And the Turbidity is 0.72 to 262.66 in winter.

The water quality status of summer in station 1 was good in other stations moderate and in winter season station 1 and 4 were in good range and in other stations was moderate. As a result, Shahrood River water is good and medium quality and due to lower water quality of homes, agricultural lands near the river are also causes of increased Nitrate and Phosphate in winter due to agricultural and urban effluents around the river. As a result, river water is somewhat suitable for drinking and needs purification and the Industrial agents around the river have no effect on the water quality.

Environmental rights, laws and regulations are among the most important tools for protecting and managing natural resources. In this context, it should be noted that by implementing environmental laws, it cannot expect to solve all the biological problems; because, other elements such as the awareness of the people and the institutionalization of this category in culture and social behaviors are very important and effective. On the other hand, environmental laws, due to ambiguity, have not had a satisfactory performance in the field of environmental impacts. However, preventing pollution and destroying the environment and regulating human-environmental relations without binding legal rules will not be possible. Accordingly, some current laws and regulations, due to changes in the environment of the country and the promotion of human knowledge of the values and functions of natural resources, need to be reviewed and reformed. Wetlands and lakes such as Lake Urmia are valuable natural resources that are essential for a country with a climate of Iran, which requires a variety of policy tools. Therefore, in this study, in addition to describe Iran’s 50 years old environmental legal clauses during 1986-2018, that are directly and indirectly related to the wetland in the laws and regulations of the country, the status of its support and management in upstream documents is also discussed. The regulations and related instructions will also be reviewed. In addition, using the results of studies and analyses carried out in the context of existing laws in the field of natural ecosystems, the legal, structural, social, economic and cultural challenges of the laws of conservation Wetlands including Lake Urmia will also is addressed. The results of this study indicate that although laws and regulations play an important role in the conservation and management of natural resources, they do not have the needed efficiency individually. Therefore, in order to achieve the goals of the legislator, it is necessary to consider the economic approaches and tools, based on market incentives and price mechanisms, simultaneously with the legal instruments with less flexibility. Also, the concept of reasonable use of wetlands and lakes needs to be revised in the national policies, laws and legal cases which are contrary to their reasonable use. Besides, the native conditions and characteristics of each wetland and lakes need to be considered in their developing protective and managerial rules and regulations. Accordingly, the setting of unique environmental approaches and standards for management and protection can play an effective role in improving the performance and efficiency of laws and standards in the field of implementation as well as in preventing environmental consequences.