نشریه روانشناسی بالینی و شخصیت
سال هفدهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

Instrument: One of the most important basis of a teenagers’ life is identity because adolescence is a difficult route which starts at the end of childhood and birth of adulthood; A transitional phase with fundamental changes in cognition, social relationships and psychic space of an individual and as a whole in ones’ self. Identity formation, is not a simple process with several factors influencing it. One of the aspects of adolescence development is attachment and integrative self-regulation.

The results revealed significant differences in score of integrative self-knowledge, commitment, social incompetence, ego centric and insecure attachment among experience and control group.

In addition to contributing to theoretical knowledge about adolescence and factors the influence identity formation, our findings show educational or treatment packages help to improve successful identities in Iranian youths.

The present study investigates the effectiveness of aerobic training interventions and training coping skills to reduce stress among firefighting staff.

The study was a semi-experimental and pre-test-post-test with control group. Sixty individuals were selected from among the volunteer firefighting staff in Tehran. They were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (30) and control (30 people). The experimental group consisted of 36 sessions of 60 minutes (12 weeks and 3 days a week) in an increasing aerobic exercise program, and three 4-hour sessions at the stress coping training workshop, but the control group did not have such interventions. The data were analyzed before and after the intervention by health and safety stress (HSE) questionnaire and analyzed by ANCOVA test.

Aerobic exercise and stress coping training significantly reduce job stress in the experimental group at the level (error less than 5%) compared to the control group.

The study shows that aerobic exercise and stress coping training can reduce the stress of work and, as a result, reduce mental stress and enhance the performance of the fire department staff.

Cancer is considered in the society as a debilitating and hard-to-cure disease and when it is diagnosed the affected person is exposed to the stress and anxiety and the reduced social energy from the unreal fear of death. Therefore, the requirement for frequent hospitalizations and constant worries among patients and their families will expose the affected person to mental disorders. The objective of the present study was to determine the relation between death anxiety and general health with spiritual well-being in patients with cancer that was conducted in Shiraz in 2015. It was a Descriptive-Correlation study and 150 patients who suffered from cancers participated in this study by Convenience Sampling Method. In order to collect data, Templer Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and Spiritual Well-being Scale Palutzian &Ellison (SWBS) were used. Data analysis was performed by the descriptive statistics tests and Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multiple regression via Statistical Software (SPSS). The results indicated that there was a significant and reverse relation between death anxiety and spiritual well-being. There was a significant and direct relation between death anxiety and general health .There was a significant and reverse relation between general health and spiritual well-being. Also, the matrixes of Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that there was a significant and reverse relation between all subscales of spiritual well-being, general health and death anxiety. In another word, as the spiritual well-being is raised, the death anxiety and negative aspects of general health decreases. Results of regression analysis showed Spiritual Well-being could predict death anxiety. Spiritual Well-being has a positive effect on death anxiety and reduces death anxiety. Increasing the negative aspects of general health could predict death anxiety. Increasing the negative aspects of general health has a negative effect and increase death anxiety. Given the findings of the present study, developing a comprehensive training and supportive program with a spiritual approach seems essential alongside the other (physical, mental, and social) supportive and protective issues for patients suffering from cancer.

 The purpoe of this study was to study of the effectiveness of training program based on acceptance and commitment approach on motivational beliefs and future time perspective for students with academic self-defeating behaviors in valiasr University of Rafsanjan.

The research was a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test design with control group. The statistical population consisted of undergraduate students of Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan in the academic year of 1995-96. A sample of 40 students with self-educated behaviors was selected by cluster sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups (20 People) and control (20 people) were included. The experimental group received a two-hour group training session for 8 weeks and weekly. The control group did not receive any training during this period. The subjects were evaluated by their Self-Defeating Behavior and Cognition Scale Cunningham (2007), the Motivational Strategies for Learning Pentrich and De Groot (1990) and Zimbabwe's Time Perspective (1999) before and after the training and after the completion of the three-month follow-up phase. Analysis of data using the statistical software "SSPSS22" and because of non-observance of the homogeneity assumption of variance of covariance, multivariate analysis of variance analysis with repeated measurements and with Green-house correction was used.

Findings of repeated measure ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the post-test and follow-up stages. The findings showed that Training based on Acceptance and commitment approach was aimed at reducing self-defeating's academic behaviors and consequently on motivational beliefs and time future perspective of students with self-defeating academic behaviors.Discussion and

It can be concluded that the program of Acceptance and Commitment reduces self-defeating behaviors, reduces the examin anxiety, increases self-efficacy and internal motivation, as well as Increasing significance towards targeted future perspectives in students with self-defeating behaviors.

In new patient-training methods, the issue of patient empowerment has been presented which emphasizes the active role of patient in education and treatment. This study examined the impact of empowerment –based diabetes education (knowledge diabetes and embodied cognition) in promoting self-management behaviors in type 2 diabetic patients.

This randomized clinical trial study was performed on 21 patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients referred to the Iran Diabetes Association from October to February 1395. They were assigned randomly into three groups in 2 intervention and control groups. The questionnaires were the demographic and clinical information, IPQ-R, DMSES, K-10, DSCS, DQOL, and BDI-II. Also, hemoglobin A1C and blood sugar were assessed. Empowerment program were conducted according to regulatory protocols in six sessions in each group. Hemoglobin A1C was measured before and three months after the intervention.

The results indicated that there was a significant difference in relation to blood sugar, illness perception (consequence, Personal and Treatment control, Illness coherence, Emotional representations), self-care and quality of life between the experimental group before and after the first intervention (P<0.001, P<0.05). However, it was not significant in control group (p>0.05). Scores before and after the second intervention in testosterone levels, self-efficacy, feeling of power, self-care behaviors, K-10, blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c were significant difference (P<0.001, P<0.05). However it was not significant in control group (p>0.05).

The results showed that implementation of the empowerment program increased patients’ efficiency to self-management, change cognition and perception. The results that draw attention to the psychological factors effective in the prevention of diabetes complications and hence help in the conceptualization, planning and design of treatment policies for more effective control of type 2 diabetes.

The main purpose of this research is to design and provide a model for relationship with In-Lows based on attachment styles, personality characteristics and emotional intelligence with intermediation religious commitment.

The method of this research was correlation based on structural relationships (ESM). The statistical population of the study consisted of all couples aged 20-45 years old in Qom, among whom 500 were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data collection tools, questionnaire, system-triangular (Cheraghi, 1393), attachment styles scale (Collins and Reid, 1996), neo personality questionnaire (Costa and McCrae, 1992), Bar- It, 2000) and the Religious Adherence Scale (Jangbzorghi, 2009), whose validity and reliability were confirmed by researchers and professors.

The results showed that the relationship model relationship with In-Lows is based on attachment styles, personality traits and emotional intelligence with mediation of religious adherence has a favorable fit, and attachment styles variables, personality traits and emotional intelligence can be mediated by religious adherence can be predict the relationship with In-Lows. In addition, the findings of correlation between the research variables (attachment styles, emotional intelligence, personality traits and religious adherence) with relation with In-Lows showed that these variables have a significant relationship with In-Lows.

The results of the research support the belief that Religious commitment affects the interpersonal relationships of couples in relationship with In-Lows. So, changing the way they change the couples' communication patterns relationship with In-Lows.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of mediator of humorous styles in the relationship between spitefulness with  major dimensions of personality (HEXACO). 

To examine this association, 200 people of male teachers' Gharakhak City were selected by cluster sampling and were tested with using self-report questionnaires'spitefulness(Markus et al, 2014), the major dimensions of personality (HEXACO-60) (Ashton & Lee, 2009)and humorous styles(Martin et al, 2003). Pearson correlation method and path analysis method were used to evaluate the relationship between variables.

The results of correlation between variables showed that there is a possitive correlation between spitefulness and aggressive humor and self-defeating humor styles and there is a negative correlation between spitefulness with affiliative humor and self-enhancing humor styles. emotionality was positively correlated with spitefulness and there was negative correlation between conscientiousness and oppeness with spitefulness. Honesty-Humility, Extroversion, Conscientiousness and oppeness with affiliative humor style  and there are a negatively relationship with aggressive and self-defeating humor styles. The results of path analysis showed that meaningful relationships between the major dimensions of personality and spitefulness if the role of mediating humor styles was eliminated.

The tendency of spiteful individuals to use negative humorous styles can lead to harm to self and others. These findings can be an important step in educating and promoting positive humor styles and empowerment of community members.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediator role of emotional schemas in the relationship between childhood traumas and Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

Subjects in this cross-sectional descriptive study, were 350 patients referring to Isfahan counseling centers (194 males and 156 females) which were selected by available sampling method. In this study, the structured interview for the first and second axis disorders, Leahy Emotional Schema Scale, generalized anxiety disorder scale- 7 item and Childhood trauma Inventory was used.

The results showed that non-adaptive emotional schemas significantly mediate the relationship between childhood traumas (neglect and abuse) and generalized anxiety disorder but adaptive emotional schemas are not mediators of any aspect of childhood traumas with generalized anxiety disorder.

The present study suggests that the role of mediator of emotional schemas in the study of the relationship between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and childhood traumas should not be ignored.

Emotional disorders which are to a great extent the result of the deviation of emotions from their normal course can grow and develop under the influence of transdiagnostic factors such as perfectionism, insomnia, emotional disregulation, rumination, and repetitive negative thoughts. The present study aimed to evaluate the contribution of Repetitive negative thinking to predict a range of emotional disturbances.

The present study is descriptive and correlational. To investigate the hypothesis of the research on the correlation between Repetitive negative thinking  and severity of symptoms of emotional disturbances (using Morgan sample size table), a sample of 385 students of Azad University of Shahid Beheshti University was evaluated by Repetitive negative thinking (McEvoy et al., 2010)  and anxiety and depression symptoms questionnaire (Watson et al., 2001) Were placed. The findings were analyzed and evaluated using Pearson correlation and linear regression methods.

The results of the data analysis indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between the subscales of two factors of Repetitive negative thinking and symptoms of depression anxiety disorders. Also, it was revealed that Repetitive negative thinking, other than weight gain index, could significantly contribute to the prediction of other symptoms of emotional disturbances Have.

Regarding the existence of a positive and significant association between Repetitive negative thinking and various symptoms of emotional disturbances, it seems better to have negative repetitive thoughts as a factor overlapping with other emotional disorders in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disorders and symptoms of disorders Emotion to be taken into consideration.

It is important pay attention to behavioral problems and social skills of adolescents and educate them and parents in the puberty. The purpose of this study the effect of education program for mothers and adolescents on reducing behavioral problems and increase the social skills of adolescent’s girls in during puberty.

The present study was a semi-experimental, pre-test and post-test with control and follow-up group. The statistical population included all girl students in Yazd, who were studying in public schools during the academic year of 1396-97. A randomized cluster sampling, 30 adolescent girls was selected which were randomly assigned to both experimental and control groups. The mothers of the subjects responded to the questions of the BASC-3 and SSIS questionnaire to collect data. The intervention sessions included 30 sessions for the experimental group, held separately for the education of mothers and adolescents. It should be noted that the control group did not receive any training. The data were analyzed using SPSS-23 software, descriptive statistics, standard deviation, and multivariate covariance analysis.

The findings of this study revealed that there is a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups after presentation of the educational program, and the educational program reduced the behavioral problems and increased the social skills in the experimental group compared to the control group (P <0.001).Discussion and

According to the results of this study, education could play an important role in reducing behavioral problems and increasing social skills during puberty it can be concluded that the education of parents and adolescents and their level of awareness during puberty is important and it can be suggested that appropriate interventions and interventions models should be considered at the puberty and prior to that.

Adaptation to critical situations and psychological trauma is considered as one of the issues which has attracted a lot of attention. Thus, designing a reliable and valid scale for the studies conducted in Iran is inevitable. The present study aimed to design the Persian version of the Psychological Adaptation Scale and evaluate its psychometric feature.

The sample included 233 parents having children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Tehran who were selected based on convenience sampling method. The Persian version of the Psychological Adaptation Scale was performed after translating, back-translating and revising, and was given to the subjects along with the Resilience and Depression, Anxiety, Stress questionnaires. The construct validity of the scale was investigated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and convergent and divergent validity were evaluated by using Pearson correlation. Regarding the reliability, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and coefficient theta were used.

The results of exploratory factor analysis indicated three factors of experience, deliberation and social integration and the results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fitness of the model. In addition, significant correlations were observed between the obtained factors and the Resilience and Depression, Anxiety, Stress scales, which confirm the convergent and divergent validity of the Psychological Adaption Scale. The reliability of the scale was calculated by using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.95 for the whole scale, and 0.86-0.94 for its factors. Further, it ranged 0.87 to 0.93 for the composite reliability of the factors and 0.94 for coefficient theta for the whole scale.

In general, the results of this study indicated that the Persian version of Psychological Adaptation Scale includes three factors, which has appropriate reliability and validity for application in psychological studies conducted for Iranian samples.

Values are central elements of the personality and constructive blocks of good life and are considered as criteria for guiding thought and practice. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the portrait values questionnaire.

This research was a descriptive-analytic study that was a confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis. The sample consisted of 300 student teachers in Tehran who were selected by available sampling method and completed Portrait Values Questionnaire and value in action.

The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed ten factors which in total, explained 12.43% of the total variance of the questionnaire. The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed ten factors which in total, explained 74/12% of the total variance of the questionnaire. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis, in addition to confirming the results of exploratory factor analysis, showed that these ten factors ultimately affect the two factors of general orientation social- focused and person-focused.  The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.91) and test-retest test (0.89). Also, the positive relationship between the factors of this questionnaire and the values in action questionnaire confirmed the convergent validity of the questionnaire.Discussion and

The results of this study showed that this questionnaire has good psychometric properties for measuring personal values in non-clinical group.

This study aimed to examine the factor structure, reliability and validity of the compassion competence scale.

In a descriptive study with exploratory factor analysis, 330 nurses in government hospitals in Mashhad were selected by cluster sampling method and completed compassion competence scale (2010) and Professional Quality of Life Scale (2010). Data were analyzed by SPSS-22 software. Reliability coefficient of scale was calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient and retest method and validity of scale was calculated through construct validity (exploratory factor analysis method, criterion validity and internal consistency). To investigate the relationship between scores of compassion competence and professional quality of life, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used

Results of exploratory factor analysis extracted three-factor structure that explained 53.60% of the total variance. The first factor with factor load of 5.33, second factor with factor load of 2.59 and third factor with factor load of 1.32 were named communication, sensitivity and insight, respectively. Retest reliability coefficients for the three factors were obtained 74.0, 69.0 and 80.0 and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were obtained 81.0, 76.0 and 90.0 respectively. In investigation of internal consistency, correlation between total score of compassion competence and aforementioned subscales were obtained 76.0, 77.0 and 81.0, respectively (P<0.01). In addition, the correlation between score of compassion competence with burnout and secondary traumatic stress components was negative and significant and with compassion satisfaction was positive and significant (P<0.01).Discussion and

The findings of this study confirmed the three-factor structure obtained by Li and Semnon (2016) and provided practical advices to nurses and responsible organizations, for using this scale.

One of the psychological instruments occupied for numerous clinical and research applications is SCL-90-R. Using this instrument needs to investigate psychometric properties in clinical and non-clinical samples. On the other hand, using short versions of SCL-90-R has been developed because of time consuming to fulfill the original version. One of these short versions is BSI-53. So, the aim of this research has been determining the psychometric properties of the SCL-90-R and BSI-53 in a non-clinical sample in Iran.

To achieve this aim, the comparison between some common Persian translations of SCL-90-R and the original version was conducted. Afterwards, the final translated version of ScL-90-R got ready. Then SCL-90-R was conducted on a sample of 513 bachelor, master and M.D. students of Shahed University. In order to calculate the coefficient of retesting the both tools, a sample of 44 students selected randomly and the tools were conducted in accordance with the period of two weeks for the second time. To check convergent validity of the tools, the following questionnaires were used: DASS-21, BAI, BDI-II, GHQ-28, GAD-7, PANAS, religious orientation questionnaire (Shams), BFNE, RSES and SHAI-18. To investigate the construct validity of the SCL-90-R and BSI-53, the confirmatory factor analysis was used.

The results of the data analysis indicated acceptable and significant values of validity and reliability for both 9 and 10 dimensions of SCL-90-R and BSI-53 in non-clinical samples. Both 9 and 10 factor Structure of both SCL-90-R and BSI-53 were also confirmed through CFA on non-clinical samples. Discussion and

Based on the research findings, the SCL-90-R and its short version BSI-53 can be used in psychological research and clinical efforts. Altough the current results are novel and notable, it is essential to examine psychometric properties in clinical samples.

Although Scale development is a common work in behavioral and psychological research, many of them are not adequately exact and perfect. Designing and validating a scale is not only straightforward but also it is an onerous and unfamiliar process. This process requires accuracy and exactness. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to concisely review the step by step process of scale development.  The required and ignored phases and steps of current scale development research, they can be used to all researchers especially the novice. This paper focused on both theoretical basis and practical steps. The Authors tried to stay away from theoretical superficiality and practical ignorance