فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 101 (بهار 1399)

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of changes in surface water resources and extraction of groundwater resources on net migration in 28 Iranian provinces during the period of 2003-2016 using the SGMM-DPD model with application of Arlano-Bond/ Blundell-Bond two-stage coefficients. The results of the model estimation have shown that the extraction of groundwater resources has a nonlinear and threshold effect on inter-provincial migration, meaning that, before the threshold level per capita of 3343 cubic meters, the extraction of water through the strengthening of the agricultural sector has a negative effect on migration, but after extraction of groundwater resources abnormally and crossing the per capita threshold of 3343 cubic meters and increasing the probability of drought risk and famine of groundwater resources, this variable has a positive effect on net migration. Thus, the threshold for extracting groundwater resources per capita of 3,343 cubic meters is considered as a danger to widespread inter-provincial emigration. Nevertheless, the variability of surface water resources has not a significant impact on migration which is due to the very limited contribution of surface water resources to supply water in the provinces which cannot be a sufficient incentive for immigration.

The purpose of this study is to explain and analyze the factors of economic corruption in the Islamic Republic of Iran from the perspective of political economy and its main question is: What are the causes and phenomena of economic corruption in the Islamic Republic of Iran and what? The most important political and economic components? What are the institutions or agents that influence corruption? In this regard, after answering the conceptual and theoretical underpinnings and theories of corruption as well as addressing the most important political and economic components of corruption, answer this question through a survey of experts including academics, institutional experts as well as managers. Organizations and organizations It is these institutions that base Kendall's methodology testing and data analysis on elite consensus on the causes of corruption. The findings of the study indicate that the structure and pattern of the political economy that governs the national economy and Iranian society has been effective in creating and maintaining corruption in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The sub-branch of food industry is one of the most profitable ways communication between two sectors of industry and agriculture and also prerequisite for an industrialization strategy and providing food security in country. The present study tries to examine effect of exchange rate volatility on Iran's food Industries exports and value added by framework SVAR at period of 1972-2015. The examined variables include of food Industries exports, exchange rate volatility, value added, inflation rate, and Iran's trade-offs. The results showed that short-run effects of trade-offs and inflation rate variables are negatively correlated and value-added and exchange rate volatility variables are positively correlated to food exports. On the other hand, long-run results between variables showed that all variables in the long-run have positive relationships with food Industries exports. According to the results, it is suggested that government put in place control of inflation and improvement of short-run exchange relationship. Also, the results indicate that exchange rate volatility increase export volume in short-run (beginning of period) and in following periods cause exporters activities to become less active than importers activities and reduce export volume of food industry.Therefore, due to direct and positive long-run exchange rate volatility effects on food exports and role of these industries in development and value added, development of food exports products with a focus on expansion of these industries and use of conversion and complementary industries with agricultural products to increase shelf life of products is suggested. Also, since exchange rate volatility increases food exports only in a short-run in first period, it is sujested to invesigate the risks of food-related activities and lack of price stability and market regulation for the future studies.

In today’s ongoing changes, global, and hypercompetitive business environment, organizations operate under the factors of uncertainty, chaos, dynamics and hostility and are neither safe nor secure but they must be strategically equipped with acumen and agility instead of banking on traditional management techniques and methods. Strategic agility has emerged as the dominant business paradigm in the third millennium, and as the best option for survival, has attracted the attention of most manufacturing and service organizations. Strategic agility for knowledge-based companies that is more fragile than other companies in the face of rapid changes in the environment is more than ever necessary. On the other hand, considering the role of knowledge-based companies in the economies of developing countries, the aim of the present study is to design and implement a strategic agility model for knowledgeable companies to help them adapt to the rapidly changing environment and their successful performance. The design of the model was carried out using a qualitative approach and through the method of Grounded Theory. Purposeful sampling and snowball technique were used to select the research samples. After conducting the interview with 14 experts and using the Grounded Theory method, the paradigm model of the strategic agility was designed. In the context of causal concepts: increasing competition, increasing the complexity and dynamics of the environment, identifying the market and organizational survival, In terms of intervener, concepts such as individual competencies of employees, the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, the existence of financial and human resource constraints, the impact of corporate management, the role of the company's nature and In the context of the underlying conditions, concepts are in the form of two categories of limiting factors such as not conducive to the business environment and encouraging factors such as government supportive policies.The axial phenomenon is a strategic agility process in which the organization, with a conscious understanding and attention to strategic advances, identifies changes in the environment and understands them, By leveraging strengths and applying creative methods of problem solving, they are seeking to overcome inherent constraints. Convincing, motivating and preparing human resources can reduce the time of decision making on strategic issues and, by redirecting organizational resources, leads to operational changes to the strategic plan. Strategic agility mechanisms include two categories of intra-organizational and outsourced actions that have implications for macro and organizational levels.

Human rights challenges have always been a source of pressure on Iran over the past four decades. This article, with using a causal layered analysis and in a hybrid way, explores the causes of these challenges in four levels of Litany, empirical, Discourse and Mythological analysis, as well as offering suggested strategies to deal with them in each layer. According to the findings of the research, in the first layer of the causes, Litany, we see a media controversy as well as an advertising magnification, the most identified in the first layer on issues such as executions, women's rights and their coverage, minority rights, journalists, and political activists Returns. In the second layer, based on the study of academic work and research, various causes such as political, legal, technological causes, cultural causes were identified. In the third layer, the role of the West-based discourse in the global system as well as the West-backed discourse was raised in the surrounding countries, and in the fourth layer, it was pointed out to factors such as the myth of humanism, liberalism, and pluralism. Finally, short-term, medium-term and long-term strategies were identified in order to identify the causes in each layer.

After the soviet collapse, russia first adopted a policy of integration with the west in the yeltsin era. But russian nationalists who wanted great power in the world did not tolerate this flexible approach to us forign policy and demanded a lost statuse during the cold war with the idea of hegemonic eurasianism. The priority of restoring power in the sovet-dominated geoplitical zones led to the formation of a multipolarity system and the weakeing of the favorable amarican monopoly order. In fact after the implementation of russia eurasianism policies and alliances of the world at the turn of the century, it witnessed the transition to uni-multipolarity system. The occurrence of regional crises in the russian backyard and the deployment of nato weapons near russia's western borders eventually reinforced the tendency to attack aggressively and military to defend russia's geo-political interests in the black sea and the mediterranean. The fruit of russia's aggressive realism approach is to bring the strategic confrontation to nato soutern mediterranean range. Wich has increased the security vulnerability of nato allies and created a lasting balance against aggreession and unilateralism of us and allies. Russia's vibrant military presence at Syrian bases, while shifting power exchanges in favor of the Syrian government, created a deep divide between the US and Turkey, which in the long run would provide strategic benefits to the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean. Implementation of Eurasian policies using military tools has formed a chain of regional military alliances with regional countries that fall within the framework of neo-regionalism.

Knowledge-based economy is the most prominent approach of international economy in the 21th century that consider the knowledge production and usage as the main root of producing wealth. Defining the mechanism of works and identifying the effective factors on production and usage of knowledge is essential in this economic system, as the context of improving the performance of other sectors can be provided from the relationships. Absolutely, understanding the situational conditions of new economy and its perquisites is necessary for achieving the goals such as 1st economic rank in the region, economic competitiveness, sustainable growth and development that mentioned in macro policies. On the other hand, the Islamic-Persian model of development is in agenda because the existing model of development are not suitable and compatible for Iran by considering the rules such as path dependency, ex-post studies and bounded rationality that represent in evolutionary economy. As a result, this research is exploring and identifying the policy implications of Iran’s transition to knowledge-based economy by taking account the Islamic-Persian model of development. This inductive and qualitative research is based on grounded theory strategy that introduce the main dimensions and policy implications. Results showed that this approach must be take into account, seriously.

The Islamic Republic of Iran, due to the diverse potential of the constitution, But it has a small share of good urban governance. In the present study, from the point of view of public policy and with emphasis on the referentials, the adaptation of Fifth and Sixth Development Plans with good urban governance is .addressed. The main question of the research is the referential of urban policy in the fifth and sixth development plan?. The theoretical framework of the research is to use the theory of good urban governance of the habitat. The research method is qualitative content analysis and documentary-library data collection The findings of the research show that the referential of urban policies does not provide a clear definition of the position of urban governance in Iran, The demands and expectations of officials for urban governance are not well-defined, and there is still a centralized, top-down view. As a result of ambiguity in the referential of urban governance, it has affected the process of formulating, implementing and evaluating policies and has failed to fulfill the goals of urban governance development

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a framework of 17 goals across social, economic and environmental areas of sustainable development, are an important idea, and could help finally to move the world to a sustainable trajectory. The SDGs form part of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development which UN member states adopted at the UN sustainable development summit in September 2015. This agenda can be expected to affect the policy and funding priorities of governments during this time. While there is growing interest in negotiations among policymakers surrounding 2030 agenda for sustainable development, research efforts for understanding the connections between goals and priority of them have been limited to a few prominent initiatives. In this paper, we applied a soft OR method, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), with the ultimate goal of providing a model for SDGs in Iran. To identify the relationship and the importance of SDGs, interviews were conducted with 10 managers and experts of sustainable development. Then, for prioritizing goals, based on Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) of driving power, dependence and performance of Iran reported for that goals, a framework for classification and priorities of SDGs were provided. The results of the study indicate that the goals with higher priority in Iran differ greatly from those originally perceived and addressed under the SDGs. The goals “clean water and sanitation”, “industry, innovation and infrastructure”, “peace, justice and strong institutions” and “partnerships for the goals” were identified as high priorities for intervention and it is necessary for policymakers to pay more attention to them. Our application of ISM-IPA is unique in policy making and we have illustrated its utility for modelling and prioritizing of SDGs.

Piracy has a long history as same as the (history) of domination of mankind on the seas. In recent years, it is a serious threat to the international trade exchanges due to some reasons such as change of the pattern of pirates' treatment which has been usually spread as hostage and blackmail. But "piracy" which has been considered as one of the first universal jurisdiction crimes, has not been criminalized especially as an independent criminal law or description called “piracy” yet. The current descriptive and analytical research shows that according to the Iranian Penal Code, measures which have been taken by pirates usually is like the war (“Muharebah”) as well as their behaviors which often threat the security of the seas was taken into consideration as an example of Muharebah. Therefore when Iranian forces capture pirates in the high seas, Iranian courts can trial and punish them legally as perpetrators of “Muharebah”.

Considering Kurds living on the border of the four countries of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran, any change can create regional and international/trans-regional sensitivities and tensions, while disturbing the balance of power in the Middle East. In the meantime, the fall of Saddam Hussein and the rise of ISIL have undermined the central government of Iraq and strengthened the Independence of Iraqi Kurdistan. The leaders of this region declared Kurdistan's independence in light of the intense conflicts and disagreements between the countries of the region and in the hope of using the Zionist gold leaf to encourage the United States to support the Kurdistan region. The declaration of Iraqi Kurdistan's independence without reference to the votes of the Iraqi people, disturbed the balance of power in the region and thereby posed security threats to other countries.The declaration of independence made Iraqi Kurdistan as competition and conflict field for regional and international powers. This paper is aimed at checking out the process of independence Iraqi Kurdistan by Barezani and follows to address the barriers and causes of the failure of the Kurdish region in declaring its independence. The present study seeks to response the question of what are the challenges facing Kurdistan's independence in the Middle East? This research, using descriptive-analytical method and based on the realism theory, follow this hypothesis that independence of Iraqi Kurdistan has faced numerous challenges in three levels including national, regional and international. The findings show that the domestic conditions (opposition of the government and the Iraqi parties and groups, and the conflict between the Kurdish parties with each other), regional conditions (opposition of Iran, Turkey, Syria and Arabs), international conditions (lack of serious support by United States, Europe and even Russia) of realization of Iraqi Kurdistan's independence and formation independent Kurdish government is not possible.

The validity of judicial procedures differ in both legal and general law. Contrary to the common law system, the privileged position of the law in the Roman-German legal system has always marginalized other core sources, in particular the judicial process. For a long time, this was dominated by Romani-Germanic families, the only law that could be effective in the field of the rights of origin, and the creation and establishment of rules of law, and this monopoly role of the law is necessary for democracy and the preservation of individual rights and freedoms. A group of lawyers do not deny the influence of spiritual influence and the contribution of judicial procedures to the development of rights, but for various reasons it does not include it as a source of law. Some of it is considered as a source of sources of law in our legal system. In this article, while examining the arguments of believers in each of the above views in Iranian law, we consider that the judicial process in the general sense creates a certain kind of law Whose observance is unnecessarily binding on the courts and should be considered as part of the law.

The purpose of the present research is the explanation of a model for the development of entrepreneurial university. This study, in terms of purpose, is an applied research, and in terms of data collection, is a descriptive-survey study. The statistical population of this research includes experts and informed professors in the field of entrepreneurial university in Mazandaran University that selected by purposive method. In orther to design of structural model and causal relations of research, the DEMATEL-Based Interpretive-Structural Modeling (DISM) approach in the Fuzzy environment is utilized to manage the language ambiguities in the judgments. Results showed that, among studied variables, four variables have had causation role and seven variables have had effectuation role. The findings of Fuzzy Weighting approach showed that, among studied indices, the index of leveraging poses the highest weight and importance. Also, FDISM approach showed that the variables are divided into four level among which the vision and mission variable introduced as an infrastructural factor and strong leverage.