مجله تنشهای محیطی در علوم زراعی
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1399)

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) After wheat, maize and rice is the fourth grain, which is cultivated for grain use and has a perennial diploid and polyploid, and has been dispersed throughout the world. The adaptation of cultivars in different environmental conditions in plant breeding programs is of particular importance. Reactions between genotypes and environmental effects are referred to as genotype and environment interaction.The interaction between the genotype and the environment creates complexity in yield prediction and is a challenge for plant production and breeding programs. Methods for reducing the interaction between genotype and environment and increasing performance can be used to select and introduce high-performance and sustainable lines in different regions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the genotype × environment interaction and adaptability and performance stability of 21 barley genotypes using the analysis of the main and multiplicative effects (AMMI) model. Data related to location and years in the form of integrated environment and data analysis were carried out based on six environments. Then AMMI analysis and calculation of the main components of the interaction effect for all genotypes and drawing of the plot and calculation of ASV stability index was performed using IRRISTAT software.

The present experiment was carried out in randomized complete block designs with two replications during 2014-2015, 2015-2016, 2016-2017 under rain-fed and irrigation conditions (a total of six environments) at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.

The combined analysis of variance for grain yield showed significant differences for year, genotype, genotype × year, year × location and year × location × genotype effects. The results of the analysis of AMMI model showed a significant difference between genotype and environment and four components of the interaction for grain yield were significant. The first and second components in AMMI model accounted for 52.78% and 26.00% of the interaction sum of squares, respectively. Genotypes with high values of the first major components (positive or negative) have a high interaction with the environment, while the genotypes with the first major component near zero have lower interaction. Genotypes 2, 5, 8, 10, 13 and 20 with fewer values of the first component of interaction were more stable than the other genotypes. The value of ASV was obtained from the ratio of sum of squares of IPCA1 (the first component of interaction) to IPCA2 (the second component of the interaction) for each genotype. According to the stability Index, the genotypes 9, 12, 15 were selected with the lowest values of AMMI stability as most stable genotypes. In order to determine sustainable genotypes with general and specific adaptation, AMMI Biplot was used for different locations. The results showed that genotype 2, 5, 8, 10, 13, which are at the center of biplot, have general stability and the genotypes that are closer to any environment the environment have specific adaptability to the environment. Among stable genotypes, genotypes 10 (Roho / 4 / Zanbaka / 3 / ER / Apm / Lignee131 / 5 / Otis), 8 (Baladieldawaia / 5 / AwBlack / Aths // Arar / 3 / 9Cr279-07 / Roho / 4 / DD-14 / Rhn-03) and 2 (Zarjau/80-5151//Skorohod/3/Robur/WA2196-68//DZ40-66) had higher mean grain yield. Therefore, these genotypes can be proposed for using in future breeding programs to introduce new cultivars.

Combined analysis of variance showed significant effect of year, genotype and genotype × year interaction for grain yield. The significant effect of genotype indicates the diversity of studied genotypes in terms of grain yield. Among the stable genotypes, genotypes 2, 8 and 10 had also higher grain yield, therefore, it can be suggested that the genotypes can be introduced as new cultivars or for use in future breeding programs. However, it is not appropriate to use a stablity method to identify high-performance and stable genotypes, so, it is recommended to use different methods to assess the stability.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is considered as one of the most important cereals in the field of world production. Water stress due to water shortages and its various forms is one of the main and most common limiting factors of crop yield, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Therefore, in corn, identification, selection and use of tolerant cultivars against drought stress in order to prevent the reduction of crop yield is considered as one of the most important and essential issues in breeding programs. Breeding of high-yield and good quality cultivars is one of the main goals of the breeding program which requires comprehensive information about the genetic structure of the parents, as well as their general and specific combining ability, the level of heterosis, genes action, and their interaction with each other and the environment. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the gene effects, heritability and the control of yield and its components in drought stress conditions compared to normal conditions in corn. In order to select suitable breeding methods and take an effective step in the production of high yielding maize cultivars.

In order to estimate the gene action and heritability of important agronomic traits, five S7 maize lines in a 5×5 half-diallel cross with F1 hybrids derived from them in a randomized complete block design with two replications in two normal conditions (irrigation intervals of 5 days) and drought stress (8 days irrigation) were cultivated at the Research Farm of Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran in 2017. Number of ear, grain number per row, grain row number, grain number per ear, ear length, 100-grain weight and grain yield per plant were evaluated in two conditions. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and regarding the significance of the variance of treatments, the analysis was performed using Griffing's second method. In order to carry out the diallel analyzes by Griffing's second method in two normal and drought stress conditions and combined analysis of variance was used SAS command.

Combined analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes, environment and genotype×environment interaction for all studied traits, indicating the genetic differences between lines and corn hybrids. The results of combined variance analysis showed a significant interaction effects between general and specific combining ability with the environment, which indicates the different of inheritance of traits in each environment. The results of diallel analysis by second Griffing method under normal conditions indicated that the grain number per row, grain row number, grain number per ear and ear length more controlled by non-additive effects of genes, while these traits more controlled by additive effects of genes under water scarcity conditions.

The results of this study showed that although genes with both additive and non-additive effects played a role in controlling the traits, the contribution of each of these effects was different in controlling each of the traits. Also, the control of these traits was different in both normal and drought stress conditions, and the genes controlling these traits differed from environment to environment. The KSC704-S7-7 line showed positive and significant general combining ability for grain yield and most related traits in both conditions which can be used in breeding programs to improve grain yield and increase it. In addition, the P2×P4 cross under water scarcity conditions and the P1×P3 cross under normal conditions, which showed positive and significant specific combining ability for grain yield and most related traits, are introduced as the best hybrids for improvement and increase of maize grain yield for water scarcity and normal conditions, respectively.

Grain growth in wheat depends on current photosynthesis and stem water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). In semiarid regions with terminal drought, grain filling in cereals may depend more on stem water-soluble carbohydrates content than on current assimilates. Reduction in grain yield under water deficit condition is attributed to shorter duration of linear grain growth despite increased contribution of stem reserves to grain yield. The amount of stem reserves is measured either by changes in stem dry weight (indirect method) or by stem water-soluble carbohydrates content (direct method). Genotypic variation in the rate and duration of linear grain growth and in percent contribution of stem reserves to grain yield has a little evaluated in cereals and especially in the barley.

The objectives of this study were estimation of genetic diversity and grouping of double haploid barley lines in terms of photosynthetic partitioning in normal and water deficit conditions. Plant materials used in this experiment, include 72 double haploid lines along with Steptoe and Morex parents on a research farm of Mahabad University were studied in a simple lattice design with two replications in normal conditions and water deficit conditions 2016. Irrigation in stress and non-stress treatments was done after 90 mm evaporation from class a pan, depending on the temperature and evapotranspiration until heading stage. In water deficit stress treatment, irrigation was stopped at heading stage. Measuring of understudy traits were done after anthesis stage. In present study leaf partitioning, steam partitioning, spike partitioning, spike to steam ratio, remobilization, remobilization portion in grain yield, thousand kernel white, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index was measured.

Results showed that there was a significant difference between studied genotypes for all traits. Under normal conditions, significant positive and negative segregations for all traits other than biological and in water deficit significant positive and negative segregations for all under study treats were observed, furthermore in both conditions, the highest amount of narrow-sense heritability was calculated for harvest index traits and grain yield. The results of regression analysis of traits affecting grain yield showed that under normal conditions, two traits of 1000 grain weight and remobilization of photosynthetic materials (R2 = 89) identified as The most effective traits on grain yield. Under water deficit conditions, the harvest index, the remobilization portion in grain yield and remobilization (R2 = 0.82) were identified as the most effective traits on grain yield. In normal irrigation conditions, two traits of 1000 grain weight and remobilization of photosynthetic materials had a positive and direct effect on grain yield. However, under water deficit conditions, the harvest index and remobilization had direct positive effect and remobilization portion in grain yield showed a negative and direct effect on grain yield. Based on the results of cluster analysis, genotypes were classified into two groups under normal and three groups in water deficit conditions.

In present study photosynthetic remobilization of photosynthetic materials had a positive effect on grain yield variation in both conditions. Therefore, selection of genotypes with the highest amount of photosynthesis accumulation and remobilization could be an effective way to increase grain yield in both conditions. Based on the results of cluster analysis in normal conditions, genotypes located in cluster 1 and under water stress conditions of genotypes located in cluster 2 due to had the highest allocation and remobilization of photosynthetic materials and grain yield are recommended.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important crops in southern provinces of Iran such as Fars province, which is one of the largest barley producing areas in Iran. (Emam, 2011). In crops, the physiological basis of dry matter production depends on the source-sink relationship, where the source is the potential capacity for photosynthesis and the sink is the potential capacity to store or metabolize the photosynthetic products. When the sink is small, higher yield could not be achieved and even if the sink is large, the yield might not be high when the source capacity is limited (Alam et al., 2008; Emam and Seghatoleslami, 2005; Borras et al., 2004(. Drought stress is an important limiting factor which can cause major effect on crop productivity in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran (Ahmadi et al., 2009). Optimizing the source size after anthesis and its utilization by the sink is one of the major factors enhancing the yield potential in crops especially under water deficit conditions (Bijanzadeh and Emam, 2011). The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of defoliation at milk development stage of barley on biochemical traits of barley cultivars under drought stress conditions.

In order to evaluation the effect of defoliation and drought stress on biochemical traits and grin yield of barley cultivars, a greenhouse experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University during 2017-2018. The treatments included of two levels of irrigation regimes (full irrigation and cutting off irrigation at milk development stage of barley), four barley cultivars (Zehak, Nimroz, Reyhan, Khatam) and three defoliation treatments included of non-defoliation, defoliation except the flag leaf and defoliation except the flag leaf and the penultimate leaf, which laid out as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replicates. At crop maturity, plants were harvested to measure spike length, 100- grain weight, biological yield, harvest index and grain yield and two weeks after applying drought stress treatment, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, catalase, and peroxidase contents were measured.

The results showed that drought stress, cultivars and defoliation interaction had a significant effect (p≤0.01) on chlorophyll a, carotenoid, peroxidase, catalase, and grain yield but it was not significant for chlorophyll b. The results showed that drought stress caused 56.6 % and 24.2 % reduction in grain yield and chlorophyll b, respectively. In agreement to our results, Rahbarian et al. (2011) reported that variation in photosynthetic pigments and grain yield affected by drought stress level, genotype and growth stages of crop. Also, interaction effect of drought stress and defoliation showed 87.71% decrease in the amount of carotenoid. Amini and Hadad (2013) asserted that carotenoid content decrease sharply when plants exposed to drought stress. Defoliation except the flag leaf and penultimate leaf caused 98.76% increase in catalase in Reyhan cultivar, under drought stress. Likewise, defoliation except the flag leaf increase the peroxidase enzyme in all of the cultivars except the Nimroz. Similar to our results, Zhang and Kirkham (1995) and Kafi and Damghanii (2000) declared that catalase and peroxidase activity increased in some wheat cultivars when plants exposed to drought stress and this increasing depended on drought stress level and type of cultivar.

It was concluded that, under water stress, increasing the enzymatic activity by defoliation could play a vital role in barley grain yield especially in Reyhan barley cultivar.

Canola oil seed species currently hold the third position among oil seed crops and has lowest saturated fatty acids content (Ashraf and Mcneilly 2014). When commercial production was first considered in Iran, site location and planting date were thought to be the two most important cultural decisions. A long term drought stress effects on plant metabolic reactions associates with, plant growth stage, water storage capacity of the soil and physiological aspects of plant. Generally, the number of seed per plant, number of seeds per pod and also seeds weight are considered the yield components of canola (Angadi et al., 2003). A study by Kajdi and Pocsai (1993) on the effects of irrigation on 21 rapeseed cultivars showed that, as irrigation frequency increased, the seed yield increased as well. Indeed, they noticed the high seed yield only in the cultivars with high levels of erucic acid and glucosinolate. Moreover, it has been reported that drought or heat stress during flowering and seed filling stages could stop the flowering and caused decrease of seed formation, oil percentage and the seed yield to decrease (Johnston et al., 2002). If cultivars could be selected in a way that produce an acceptable economic yield in less watering condition and are more stress tolerant under the stress intensity conditions, they would be practically very useful for developing rapeseed cultivation in such regions.

In order to study the effect of delayed planting and drought stress on grain yield grain component, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, oil content and glucosinolate of seeds and proline content of rapeseed, a field experiment was conducted as split-plot arrenged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (CRBD) with three replication in Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute of karaj in 2014-2016. Experimental treatments were included sowing dates in two levels included: 20th of October (normal cultivation) and 5th of November (delayed cultivation), Irrigation in 2 levels includes: normal Irrigation (control) and drought stress (irrigation withholding in pod formation) as well as hybrids and hybrids Rapeseed autumn included: Neptune, Elvise, Okapi, Tassilo, GKH0224, GKH2624 and GKH3705.

The results of the experiment showed that planting date, irrigation and cultivar were significant on all traits Except for eicosenoic acid, Results showed that delaying the planting date decreased pod number per plant, 1000-grain weight yield, oil content, eicosenoic acid proline, whereas behenic acid and seed glucosinolate were increased. The highest oil content (45.59%) was in normal irrigation and normal cultivation, And the lowest (42.16%) was observed in irrigation withholding in pod formation stage and delayed cultivation. The highest content of proline (21.59 mg.g. Fw) was observed in normal cultivation and GKH3705 cultivar. The cultivar of GKH3705 was the most appropriate in terms of yield and its components, oil content, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and glucosinolate of seeds. According to the results, it seems that normal cultivation and GKH3705 cultivar under without stress and drought stress can be recommended as the best treatment for the benefit of rapeseed production in the Karaj region.

According to the results of this experiment, the most suitable planting date for the studied cultivars of canola is 20th of October in Karaj area. Among the cultivars under study, GKH3705 also produced the highest grain yield in normal and delayed planting, as well as in normal irrigation and stress conditions. In terms of grain and oil production potential and the composition of unsaturated fatty acids are in the optimum level.

One of the most common ways to increase the quality of cereal forage is to mix them with legume family plants. Growing of crop mixtures with legumes, which is named intercropping, can amplify the forage quality of livestock diet. The main obstacle for agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas is the limitation of available water resources. Thus, the management of limited water for irrigation is crucial. Several patterns have been introduced for saving water in agricultural systems. Partial root-zone irrigation is a method which has been considered in recent years for saving water. In this irrigation method, half of root system is irrigated and other half is exposed to dry soil, so that the irrigation water amount is much lower than that of conventional irrigation. Increasing water use efficiency is one of the most important benefits of partial root-zone irrigation, where a large amount of water saving and low yield reduction is occurred by partial root-zone irrigation. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the quantity and quality of forage produced in intercropped wheat and Persian clover under partial root-zone irrigation condition.

The experiment was conducted as a field experiment during 2016-17 growing season in Lorestan province. A two-factor factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was employed to compare the treatments. The fist factor was irrigation (conventional irrigation (I1) and partial root zone irrigation (I2)) which was applied after seedling establishment. The second factor was planting pattern including sole wheat, sole Persian clover, within-row intercropping and between-row intercropping. Water consumption was measured during growing period. At harvest time, forage yield and quality (in terms of CP, DDM, CF, NDF, and ADF) were determined. Water use efficiency was measured for forage yield and. Land equivalent ratio was used to evaluate the advantage of intercropping.

The forage yield of all planting patterns was negatively affected by partial root-zone irrigation. Dry matter production of sole wheat, sole Persian clover, within-row intercropping and alternate-row intercropping was reduced 16%, 15%, 9% and 8% by partial root-zone irrigation, respectively. LER was more than one (1.024) only under partial root zone irrigation which was 8.8% more than that of conventional irrigation. In other word, for forage production, intercropping of wheat and Persian clover has advantage only under partial root zone irrigationThe quality of forage produced in intercropping reduced by partial root-zone irrigation method. Digestible dry matter (DDM) of wheat-Persian clover intercropping reduced by 7% with applying partial root-zone irrigation. Partial root-zone irrigation reduced crude protein content of sole Persian clover, within-row intercropping and alternate-row intercropping by 15%, 14% and 16%, respectively. ADF and NDF of forage produced in within-row and alternate-row intercropping of wheat and Persian clover was increased 6% and 7% by applying partial root-zone irrigation, respectively. Persian clover had the highest WSC. The lowest WSC was achieved in sole cropping of wheat. However, Persian clover had the lowest crude fiber (CF) which was not significantly difference with alternate-row intercropping of wheat and Persian clover. The highest (104.19 kg mm-1 ha-1 dry matter) and lowest (43.5 kg mm-1 ha-1 dry matter) water use efficiency for forage production was achieved in sole wheat under partial root-zone irrigation and sole Persian clover under conventional irrigation, respectively. Partial root-zone irrigation improved water use efficiency of all planting patterns for forage production. Within-row intercropping of wheat and Persian clover had highest (84.94 kg. mm-1. ha-1) water use efficiency for digestible dry matter under partial root-zone irrigation method which was 3 times more than that of conventional irrigation. Persian clover with partial root-zone irrigation produced highest crude protein (kg ha-1) for the consumption of each unit of water. Except sole wheat, water use efficiency (for crude protein production) of other planting pattern improved about 50% with partial root-zone irrigation. Positive effects of wheat shading on Persian clover helped Persian clover to maintain its leaf water content, showing that Persian clover was less affected by partial-root zone irrigation in intercropping and was able to produce more dry matter, resulting in higher DM of intercropping.Increasing ADF and ADF of sole and intercropped forage showed that more fiber was accumulated in plants with partial root-zone irrigation, resulting in the reduction of forage quality

Compared to conventional irrigation, partial root-zone decreased forage production of sole and intercropping patterns. However, water consumption of wheat and Persian clover significantly decreased in all cropping stands, resulting in the increase of water use efficiency on the basis of forage quantity and quality. As a final remark, our experiment has confirmed the hypothesis that partial root-zone irrigation could be a good irrigation management of wheat and Persian clover intercropping for forage production in areas with a sever limitation in irrigation water supply.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is considered as the major cereal crop in the world in respect of the cultivated area and total production. Drought is a polygenic stress and is considered as one of the most important factors limiting crop yields around the world. Most of the Iranian soils, have a high pH and calcareous nature, and micronutrients solubility in these soils is low. Micronutrients plays a critical role in increasing plant resistance to environmental stresses. Iron as a micronutrient, is critical for chlorophyll formation and photosynthesis and is important in the enzyme systems and respiration of plants. Zinc is a ubiquitous micronutrient. It is required as a structural and functional component of many enzymes and proteins, and increases the yield and yield components of wheat. Manganese as a micronutrient, is necessary in photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and to form other compounds required for plant metabolism.

To study the effect of micronutrients foliar application on some physiological and agronomic traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under complete irrigation and terminal drought stress condition, an experiment was conducted as split-plot based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications in Ramhormoz city located in south-western Iran. The experimental factors were included drought stress in two levels of complete irrigation (non-drought stress) and irrigation interruption from the beginning of flowering stage to the physiological ripening (terminal drought stress) as the main factor, and micronutrients foliar application in six levels of non-foliar application (control), foliar application by water, iron, zinc, manganese and iron + zinc + manganese (each 3 lit.h-1) as the sub factor. Solutions for foliar application were prepared by using Iron chelate (6%), Zinc chelate (7.5%) and Manganese chelate (7%). The measured traits included leaf chlorophyll index, leaf proline content, cell membrane stability index, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and grain protein content. To determine the leaf chlorophyll index used of chlorophyll meter digital. To determine the leaf proline content, method of Bates et al. (1973) was used. To determine the cell membrane stability index used of method Lutts et al. (1996). The grain yield was determined at maturity stage and through the harvest of all spikes from the level of 1 m-2 per plot and after removing 0.5 m from the beginning and end respective planting rows (rows 5 and 6). To measure the biological yield at maturity stage, after removing 0.5 m from the beginning and end respective planting rows (rows 5 and 6) from the level of 1 m-2 per plot all the plants were harvested and weighted for each plot separately. The harvest index was determined by the equation GY/BY×100. The grain protein content was calculated as N% × 5.7 on a dry weight basis. N% in grain was determined by the Kjeldahl method according to A.A.C.C. (2000). Analysis of variance was performed using general linear model (GLM) procedure of statistical analysis system (SAS version: 9.3). The means were analyzed using the least significant difference (LSD) method at P=0.05 (LSD 0.05).

Results showed that the terminal drought stress decreased significantly traits of leaf chlorophyll index, cell membrane stability index, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index except for leaf proline content and grain protein. However, micronutrients foliar application of iron, zinc and manganese increased significantly the measured traits in both non-stress and terminal drought stress condition. Meanwhile, application of zinc spray showed the greatest effect in reducing the damage caused by terminal drought stress on measured traits.

In general, the use of micronutrients, especially zinc, as foliar application, can reduce the harmful effects caused by terminal drought stress and improve the physiological, agronomic traits and grain protein content of bread wheat in Ramhormoz region.

Drought is considered to be a major threat to soybean production worldwide and yet our current understanding of the effects of drought on soybean productively is largely based on studies on above-ground traits. The symbiotic interaction between soybean and rhizobia facilitates atmospheric nitrogen fixation, a process that provides essential nitrogen to support plant growth and development. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is important for sustainable agriculture, as it sustains plant growth on nitrogen-poor soils and limits fertilizer use for crop nitrogen nutrition (kunert et al., 2016). Application of mycorrhiza and nano oxide of Zn+Fe increased grain yield by 35.9% as compared with non-mycorrhiza, non-foliar application of nano oxide under severe water limitation. It seemed that mycorrhiza and nano oxide of Zn+Fe application was usable for profitable safflower production under water limitation condition (Seyed Sharifi and Seyed Sharifi, 2017). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of drought stress in inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi and Rhizobium bacteria on physiological traits and grain yield of soybean.

In order to investigate the effects of water deficit stress and inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi and rhizobium bacteria on physiological traits and seed yield of soybean, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at research farm of agricultural highschool of Urmia during 2017. The main factor was three water deficit stress levels such as optimum, moderate and severe (irrigation after 70, 110 and 150 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan), subplots was inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi including without mycorrhiza, and inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices and rhizobium bacteria inoculation in two levels of non inoculation and inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In this experiment, Kowsar (new cultivar of soybean) was used. Row spacing was 50 cm and plant spaces on each rows was 10 cm. Each plots contained four rows with four meter long. To determine the seed yield, two border rows and 0.5 m from both sides of middle rows were excluded. For yield components, 10 plants were randomly collected and traits of leaf temperature, relative water content, chlorophyll a., chlorophyll b, proline, electrolyte leakage and seed yield were determined.

By increasing water deficit stress without inoculation with mycorrhiza increased leaf temperature but decreased relative water content and chlorophyll b. By increasing water deficit stress without inoculation with bacteria leaf temperature was increased but chlorophyll b and seed yield was decreased. Inoculation with bacteria with or without inoculation with mycorrhiza decreased leaf temperature. This conditions was existed for relative water content, chlorophyll a and b content. Inoculation with bacteria and mycorrhiza specially F. Mosseae caused that maximum seed yield was obtained with 443.2 g m-2. Proline and electrolyte leakage in treatment of severe water deficit stress and non inoculation with mycorrhiza and bacteria was greater than other treatments. Minimum proline and electrolyte leakage observed in treatment of optimum irrigation and inoculation with bacteria and mycorrhiza F. mosseae.

In addition, water deficit stress caused unsuitable conditions for soybean that led to loses of seed yield but inoculation with bacteria and mycorrhiza reduced unsuitable conditions and soybean growth was improved.

Calendula officinalis, the pot marigold, ruddles, common marigold is a plant in the genus Calendula of the family Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern Europe. It is also widely naturalised further north in Europe and elsewhere in warm temperate regions of the world. Calendula is applied to the skin to reduce pain and swelling and to treat poorly healing wounds and leg ulcers. It is also applied to the skin for nosebleeds, varicose veins, hemorrhoids, inflammation of the rectum, ear infection, gum disease, peeling lips, diaper rash, vaginal yeast infection, and inflammation of the lining of the eyelid (conjunctivitis). Essential oil of calendula has been used as an insect repellant. One of the major limiting factors for plant growth is water availability. Drought affects many aspects of plant physiology to reduct plant growth and photosynthesis. Mycorrhiza fungi colonize the roots of host plants and perform absorption services for the plant. Various studies have demonstrated that plants associated with Mycorrhiza fungi show increased uptake of various materials from the soil, including water, and macro and micronutrients. As a result, VAM fungi improve their host plants’ ability to grow under conditions of drought stress or in mineral deficient soils. The bacteria that can promote plant growth, that is, include those that are free-living, those that form specific symbiotic relationships with plants, bacterial endophytes that can colonize some or a portion of a plant’s interior tissues. Growth-promoting bacteria may promote plant growth directly usually by either facilitating resource acquisition or modulating plant hormone levels, or indirectly by decreasing the inhibitory effects of various pathogenic agents on plant growth and development, that is, by acting as biocontrol bacteria.

This research was carried out in order to investigate the effect of Mycorrhiza fungi and some growth-promoting bacteria on Calendula officinalis var. Pacific beauty orange under drought stress conditions in 2017-2018 in Faculty Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 4 replications. The first factor was drought stress in two levels (100 and 50% crop capacity) and the second factor was the use of bio fertilizer in 8 levels including: Pseudomonas fluorescens (Ps), 2. Azotobactore chroococcum (Az), 3. Mycorrhizal fungus (M), 4. Ps + M, 5. Az + M, 6 Ps + Az, 7. Az + Ps + M, 8. Control (non-use of bacteria and fungi). At the end of the experiment morphophysiological and biochemical traits of the plant were measured. The height and diameter of the flower were measured by digital caliper. Number of flowers, number of leaves and number of lateral branches were counted. shoot and root fresh weight was weighed after the separation of the plant from the pot in a laboratory with a digital scale of 0.001. then plants were ejected from the pot, root length was recorded. The maximum efficiency of the photocysteine II in the plant was measured by a fluorometer (FL-OS model) and for measuring chlorophyll index (SPAD-502) using Spad. The relative leaf water content, ion leakage and antioxidant capacity were measured.The statistical analysis of the test data and the comparison of the averages at the probability level of 5% error based on the LSD test was performed using JMP-8 statistical software and drawing charts with Excel 2010 software.

 The results showed that drought stress caused a decrease in growth traits in Calendula. So, by decreasing soil capacity from 100 to 50% FC, number of leaves, number of flowers, flower diameter, shoot and root fresh weight, number of lateral branches, Spad and relative leaf water content decreased and Antioxidant capacity increased compared to control treatment. Application of growth stimulating bacteria resulted in improved traits measured in the plant under stress and non-stress conditions. Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens alone or in combination with mycorrhizal fungus under stress conditions (50% FC) resulted in improved growth characteristics in Calendula plant. In terms of number of leaves, number of flowers, flower diameter, number of lateral stems and Spad, improved by application of Pseudomonas fluorescens alone in soil or its combination with mycorrhizal fungus under stress conditions. PGPR directly affects plant growth by facilitating the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and iron. These nutrients are critical to plant biochemistry, and without them plant growth is limited. While nitrogen, phosphorus and iron may be abundant in the soil, they are often found in a form the plant can’t utilize. PGPR convert those nutrients to the form the plant can use. Actually, PGPR can produce plant hormones like auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins that stimulate plant root and shoot growth in exchange for food sources from the plant. Also, Mycorrhiza fungi can help plants to cope with the detrimental effects of soil water deficit acting, directly or indirectly, on plant functionality both above- and belowground. At the levels of both leaves and roots, the osmotic stress usually caused by drought is counteracted by mycorrhizal plants through biochemical changes that mostly include increased biosynthesis of metabolites (mainly proline and sugars) that act as osmolytes. These compounds contribute to the lowering of the osmotic potential, and in turn, of the leaf water potential. Finally, it seams that the use of Pseudomonas fluorescens in soil alone or in combination with mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress conditions can improve plant growth and increase plant efficiency under drought stress conditions.

Water and fertilizers are the main determinants of the level of agricultural production in the world. Iran's climate is predominantly dry and semi-arid, and the availability of water is a major problem in these areas. Water stress significantly changes the metabolism of plants and reduces the growth and photosynthesis and ultimately the performance of plants. In such a situation, drought management is an urgent necessity. Plants and cultivars with less water requirements are one of the most effective ways to manage water. Millet can be considered as a cost-effective product (cereals, fodder and oilseed) in the context of water scarcity due to its significant adaptation to a wide range of climatic conditions. In addition, in order to efficiently manage water use in agriculture, the use of agronomic techniques, such as the application of bio-fertilizers or the strengthening of biological conditions in the soil, may reduce the effects of water stress and less use of chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture and human nutrition be effective.

In order to investigate the effect of deficit water stress and application of growth promoting bacteria on morphological, physiological traits, quantitative and qualitative yield and oil compounds of two millet species, an experiment was conducted as split factorial based on complete randomized block design with four replications in research farm of Fereydunshahr, Esfahan province in 2016. In this experiment, deficit water stress were considered as the main plots with three levels (100, 75 and 50 percent of plant water requirement) while application of growth promoting bacteria (with three levels including control, using 1 or 0.5 L.ha-1 Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilenseas seed inoculation) and two millet species (including Golbaf and Bastan) were arranged as factorial sub plots.

In this experiment, water deficit stress significantly reduced stem diameter, biological yield and seed, protein and oil, and its quality in millet. The application of bio-fertilizers could reduce the adverse effects of water stress on the above characteristics in both millet varieties and improve the quality of the oil in such a way that the use of one and a half bio fertilizers, respectively, increased grain yields (6.66 and 19/19%) in irrigation treatments (12.29% and 28.76%) in mild stresses (31.73% and 45.77%) in severe dehydration treatments. In mild stress (75% water requirement), as well as application of one litter of bio-fertilizer in the ancient cultivar, produced the highest quality (oleic and linoleic) oil content while reducing water consumption Also, ancient cultivar had superiority in terms of biological yield and grain and unsaturated fatty acids in different irrigation regimes, with and without bio-fertilizer application.

Regarding the increase in the amount of oleic acid, indicating the stability to the temperature and quality of the oil for frying food, and the higher percentage of linoleic fatty acid, indicates the improvement in the value of oil in direct feeding, mild water stress treatment (75% water requirement) Along with the application of one liter of biofertilizer in the ancient cultivar, while reducing water use, the highest quality (oleic and linoleic) was produced.

Drought stress is a major environmental constraint which inhibits the growth of plants and limits crop production. Nowadays, the application of antioxidants and plant growth regulators has discussed for decreasing the negative effect of different stresses. Ascorbic acid and jasmonic acid have substance caused witch the resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Ascorbate is a major metabolite in plants. It is an antioxidant, in association with other components of the antioxidant system, protects plants against oxidative damage resulting from aerobic metabolism and photosynthesis. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant-signaling molecule that shows a wide range of plant responses, with effects at the morphological to molecular levels. Many morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes occurring within the plants can be regulated by JA Previous studies have documented that foliar application of JA and Ascorbic acid could modulate plant physiological responses towards abiotic stress tolerance. Considering the importance of safflower plant in terms of quantity and quality of oil, it seems that increasing the yield per unit area under low irrigation conditions is a suitable way to increase the production of this plant so the aim of this study is evaluation of the effect of foliar application of jasmonic acid and ascorbic acid on grain yield, yield components, oil percentage and fatty acids composition of safflower genotypes under deficit irrigation regimes.

The experiment was set out in a split plot factorial in a completely randomized block design with three replications at Shahrekord University Agricultural Research Station during spring planting season 2017. The main factor as deficit irrigation consisted of three levels of irrigation of 100%, 75% and 50% of the plant's water requirement of safflower and sub-factor including safflower genotypes including Sinai, Isfahan local and Faraman and foliar application with three levels including (control, foliar application of jasmonic acid with 0/5 mM concentration and foliar application of ascorbic acid with 20 mM concentration.

Results indicated that deficit irrigation tratments caused a significant reduction in height plant, head number per plant, number of seed per head, seed thousand weight, seed yield, oil percentage, unsaturated fatty acids contains linoleic acid and oleic acid. The lowest values of seed yield (1382kg.ha-1) and oil percentage (26/67) were obtained in treatment of 50 %plant water requirement and the highest seed yield (1635 kg.ha-1) and oil percentage (27.21kg.ha-1) were aachived in 100 % plant water requirement. There was a significant difference between safflower genotypes, so the highest seed yield (1676 kg.ha-1) and oil percentage (27.82) were obtained in Sina genotype and the lowest seed yield (1341kg.ha-1) and oil percentage (27.66) were belonged to Local Isfahan genotype. The interaction of deficit irrigation tratment × genotypes were significant on height plant, the unsaturated oleic acid content and the saturated fatty acid content palmitic acid so that the highest of height plant (91.99 cm) and oleic acid content (15.5 percentage) was recorded in 100% of the plant's water requirement conditions and sina genotyp but the highest content of palmitic acid (10.37percentage) was recorded in 50% of the plant's water requirement conditions and sina genotype. Jasmonic acid and ascorbic acid treatment increased the grain yield, yield components, oleic acid and linoleic acid content and reduced the palmitic acid and stearic

The results showed that significant difference between genotypes and foliar applicaton treatments, such as the content of unsaturated fatty acids, can be used for the selection of superior genotypes for economic production and commercial cultivation and reduce the adverse effects of deficit  irrigation stress in the field conditions.

Drought is a major environmental stress affecting plant morphology, physiology, and biochemistry. Two management strategies for controlling drought stress include the use of nutrients and planting resistant plants. Chitosan, known as elicitors, is considered a natural biopolymer modified from chitin, which is the main structural component of squid pens, cell walls of some fungi and crab shells. Nanotechnology provides a new interdisciplinary venture into agriculture and food sciences by converging science and engineering. In addition, nanoparticles have potential applications in agriculture system, viz., the pollutants detection, plant diseases, pests, and pathogens, controlled delivery of pesticide, fertilizers, nutrients, and genetic material, and can act as nano architects in forming and binding soil structure. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a source of excellent vegetable oil (35-63%). Sesame is considered as drought tolerant crop, the productivity is heavily affected by severe drought stress mainly when it occurs during anthesis. Restricted water resources are considered as a limiting factor for irrigation applications around the world. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the changes in the quality and yield traits of two sesame genotypes under drought stress and foliar application of chitosan and phosphorus nano-chelate in second cultivation.

The present study was conducted to investigate the changes in the quality and yield traits related to two sesame genotypes under irrigation cut-off and foliar application of chitosan and phosphorus nano-chelate in the second cultivation at research field of Shahed University in Tehran, Iran, during 2015-16 and 2016-17. The experiment was conducted during a two-year factorial split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications. The research farm is located at geographical characteristics of latitude 31° and 36’ and longitude 48° and 53’ and the height of this area from sea level is equal to 1050 m. The experimental factors including irrigation treatments at normal irrigation as control (non-stress), mild stress (irrigation cut-off at 50% seed ripping) and severe stress (irrigation cut-off at 50% flowering) were in the main plots and spraying treatments including non-spraying (control), phosphorus nano-chelate (2 ppt), chitosan (3 g.L-1), and the combination of phosphorus nano-chelate + chitosan and Oltan, and Naz single branch sesame cultivars were in the subplots. Number of capsules per plant, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, oil percentage and yield, and fatty acids composition (oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic contents) was investigated.

The results showed that the highest 1000-grain weight was obtained in the first year of experiment and Oltan genotype (3.10 g) and the lowest mean was in the first year in Naz single branch genotype (2.51 g). The highest grain yield was observed in the second year of the experiment under without stress and mild stress conditions (irrigation up to seed ripening) and foliar application of phosphorus nano-chelate alone or combined with chitosan. In general, between different levels of irrigation treatments, severe stress (irrigation up flowering) resulted in a significant reduction in the grain yield, but mild drought stress (irrigation up to seed ripening), especially in terms of using chitosan and nano-fertilizer compounds, had a good grain yield. In the interactions effects of the year in drought stress, the highest seed oil percentage was obtained in the non-drought stress (normal irrigation) during the second year of the experiment (57.02%) and the lowest mean of this trait was observed in the second year under severe drought stress condition. Compared to the two cultivars, the highest oil yield was in Naz single branch cultivar (858.4 kg/ha) and the lowest mean of Oltan cultivar (731.7 kg/ha) was observed. The highest amount of saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) was achieved in Oltan cultivar under non-foliar aplication. In contrast, the lowest content of linoleic fatty acid (unsaturated fatty acid) was observed in this treatment. In general, the application of phosphorus nano-chelate with chitosan increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sesame seed yield and resulted in increased growth and quality growth factors in drought stress conditions. Summer planting of sesame plant is recommended in warm and dry climatic conditions (with end session drought stress) along with chitosan and phosphorus nano fertilizer.

Based on the aim of this research, the results showed that planting both Oltan and Naz single branch cultivars in the south Tehran climatic after wheat harvesting (as the second crop) had favorable results for grain and oil yield. In general, the results showed that co-application of phosphorus nano-chelate and chitosan fertilizers under mild drought stress (irrigation up to seed ripening) resulted in the moderate negative effect of drought stress and produced grain and oil yield. Also, the cultivation of this plant in warm and dry climates (similar to southern Tehran) under the mentioned conditions (co-application of phosphorus nano-chelate and chitosan fertilizers) is recommended under limited irrigation conditions (end of season drought stress).

Drought is one of the most important causes of decline in agricultural productivity worldwide (Kamanga et al., 2018). TiO2 is one of the materials that nowadays, its properties have been reported to reduce environmental impact (Rosi and Kalyanasudaram, 2018). TiO2 with increasing Activity of Ps II Light Reduction, activity of chloroplast photophosphorylation, rubisco enzyme, nitratreduktase enzyme activity, catalasea and peroxidase and improving the content of some essential elements in plant tissues, increases the yield of different products (Khater, 2015). Also, by reducing free oxygen radical and malondialdehyde and increasing the antioxidant enzymes reduces the negative effects of stress (Zheng, 2007).In the study of the effect of nano-TiO2 spraying on some of the agronomy characteristics in wheat, 0.02% nano-TiO2 foliar application under drought stress conditions compared to non-foliar application was increased seed yield by 23% (jaberzadeh et al., 2010). Considering that a large part of cultivated land in Iran has semi-arid climatic conditions and because of its special geographical position, in most parts of it, important abiotic stress such as drought, salinity and temperature, decrease the yield and, in some cases, also has led to failure in agriculture, therefore, achieving the highest yield with the least possible water consumption in the shortest time with the use of nano-compounds such as TiO2  against breeding methods that are often long-term and cost-intensive, it seems necessary that the present research also aims to achieve goals such as evaluating and identifying important physiological traits of sweet ear weight under water deficit stress and application of the above compound.

In order to investigate the effects of water deficit stress and nano-TiO2 foliar application on ear weight and some of biochemical characteristics in sweet corn plant, an experiment was conducted in split plot form based on RCBD in three replications at the Research Station of the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, during growing seasons of 2017. Treatments were water deficit stress in three levels contained: 50, 75 and 100% filed capacity (FC) as well as the nano-TiO2 foliar application in four levels contains: non application (control), 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05%. Field capacity was determined from the pressure plate machine. TiO2 foliar application on the shoot was performed three times during the growing season and in the stages of 8-10 leaf, tasseling and grain filling. Irrigation is done according to the needs of the canopy and depending on the weather conditions of the area and from 8-10 leaves stage, regarding irrigation intervals, treatments were applied. Peroxidase enzyme activity by Hemeda and Klein method (1990), malondialdehyde  according to the Heath and Packer method (1968), amount of Soluble carbohydrates by phenol-sulfuric acid method (Dubios et al., 1956), and amount of leaves proline according to the Bates et al., (1973) method were measured. The ear weight was calculated in gm-2. Analysis of variance, and mean comparison with MSTAT-C software were used. The means of the treatments were compared using the Duncan’s test at P< 0.05 and Charts are plotted by the EXCEL program.

The analysis of varianceshowed that the TiO2 foliar application on peroxidase and interaction effect between TiO2 foliar application and water deficit stress on malondialdehyde, soluble carbohydrates, proline and Ear weight was significant (p<0.01). According to this study, the concentration of 0.01% of TiO2 foliar application, increased the activity of peroxidase enzyme, but the important point is that with increasing TiO2 concentration, the activity of this enzyme decreased. Since the increase in peroxidase activity is related to the rate of peroxidation of membranes, reducing malondialdehyde levels in treated plants indicates that the activity level of peroxidase activity is sufficient to collect active oxygen species to prevent damage to the membrane. 0.01% of TiO2 foliar application under conditions of 50% moisture content increased the amount of soluble carbohydrates and proline, which was reduced by increasing the amount of this compound and increasing the available moisture content. 0/01% TiO2 foliar application under full irrigation conditions with an average of 744 gm-2 and no irrigation at 50% moisture content with an average of 457 gm-2 had the lowest grain yield, which showed a decrease of 38.5% that compared with 0.03% nano- TiO2 in the same irrigation and 0.01% nano- TiO2 in 75% moisture content was not significantly different.
The results of this study showed that TiO2 foliar application increased the activity of peroxidase enzyme, soluble carbohydrates, proline and decreased malondialdehyde enzyme activity under water deficit stress in sweet corn. Furthermore, the nano-TiO2 also increased the ear weight in all treatments, which indicates the positive effects of this composition on the plant. According to the research objectives, the use of nano- TiO2 in order to increase yield under minimum water use conditions can be a good alternative to breeding methods that are often long-term and cost-effective

Drought stress is considered as one of the most important environmental problems in agriculture and the growth of plants. The persistent shortage of water causes early aging of the leaves of plants. During this process, the chloroplasts are destroyed and photosynthesis activity sharply reduced. The adaptation of plants to drought stress is the result of a change in many morphological and biochemical mechanisms which lead to changes in plant growth rate, stomatal conductivity, photosynthesis process speed, and enzyme activity. The ability of plants to compromise in environmental stresses depends on the type, intensity and duration of stress and plant species. Salicylic acid is a phenolic compound known as an important molecular signal in plant fluctuations in response to environmental. Also alters a number of metabolic pathways including synthesis, oxidation and some biological activities including respiration, photosynthesis and absorption. Polyamines (PA) are a group of phytohormone-like aliphatic amine natural compounds with aliphatic nitrogen structure which are present in whole living organisms including plants. They play a role in collecting active radicals and increasing the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses including salinity, drought and senescence. Plantago ovata Forssk is an annual herbal plant belonging to the Plantaginaceae family. So, among 28 species from Plantago genus, this species aspect economical is commercial source of mucilage. In recent years, according to reorganization plan for cultivation of medicinal plants in country, this crop has been recommended aspect 10 priority species of medicinal plants. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of isabgol in water deficit conditions.

The study was conducted as a split plot factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and three replications in research field of the Gonbad Kavous University, Golestan Province, Iran in 2016. In this experiment, the treatment of irrigation included (non-stress: control), irrigation cutoff at flowering stage and irrigation cutoff at seed filling stage was the main-plot and factorial of salicylic acid (zero, 0.4 and 0.8 mM), plus spermine spraying (zero and 0.02 mM) were as a sub-plot. Foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine at budding (inflorescence production), flowering and seed filling stages were applied.

Analysis of variance of data showed that in most of the characteristics, the combined effects of irrigation cutoff, salicylic acid and spermine, were significant at 1 or 5 percentage confidence levels. According to the results of the maximum grain and biological yield were found in the combined treatments of 0.8 mM salicylic acid spraying at irrigation interruptions at grain filling stage about 540.8 kg/ha-1 and 2795 kg/ha-1 respectively. The maximum amount of grain mucilage (19.7%) and swelling rate per gram mucilage (105.7 mg.l-1) were obtained in the treatment of 0.4 mM salicylic acid and 0.02 mM spermine in the absence of tension. According to the results, the foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine in cutoff irrigation conditions at flowering and seed filling stages significantly loss prevented more studied characteristics. It is concluded that the effective role of salicylic acid and spermine in osmotic regulation, membrane stability and elimination of active cell radicals could increase the tolerance of isabgol herb in water stress conditions.

According to the findings of this experiment and the research done on other plants, it was concluded that the leaf foliar application of medicinal plants with phenolic and polyamines compounds such as salicylic acid and spermine with suitable concentrations can be considered as an effective step to reduce the adverse effects of water stress and finally increase the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of plant.

Borage (Borago officinalis L.) is an annual plant and belongs to the Boraginasea family, that afford curative properties. This plant has deep roots and can absorb soil, water and nutrients from the depths of the soil, and is therefore somewhat resistant to drought. Increasing people's tendency toward medicinal plants to treat diseases has conduct to and essential the cultivation of medicinal plants globally and in Iran. Water deficit stress is one of the most important non- biological stresses that reduces water absorption by root system. Water deficit is considered as the most important limiting factor for non-living plant growth and yield that, in addition to a negative effect on yield, causes exacerbates other stresses, in particular the stress of the deficiency of nutrients in the plant. Drought stress is one of the most important limiting factors yield in the world. Today, phenolic compounds and plant growth regulator has been proposed, to reduce the negative effects of stress. Thus, this experiment carried out in order to Effects of salicylic acid on yield and nutrient uptake borage (Borago officinalis L.) under interrupting irrigation conditions.

A field study was conducted as a split plot arrengement based on randomized complete blocks design (RCB) with four replications at farm at experimental field of Khouzestan Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University, Iran during 2017-2018 cropping season. Three interrupting irrigation (stress at stemming stage, stress at flowering stage, stress at seed fill stage and control) as main plat and four application of salicylic acid including of 0, 69, 138 and 207 mg.L-1 as sub plots comprised experimental treatment. With reach each of these stages, from stem emergence to flowering initiation, from flowering initiation to seed fill interrupting irrigation and from seed fill initiation to beginning seed harvesting interrupting irrigation was carried out. This continued until the end of the physiological stages. Salicylic acid application was carried out during two stages during vegetative period (stem emergence and flowering initiation) simultaneously with applying moisture stress treatment. After applying the respective treatments, traits were measured at full flowering stage. Grain yield, oil percentages, ash contents of flower and leaf, nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium in two parts of the flower and leaf of Borage were measured. Analysis of variance and comparison of means was performed by SAS software and test LSD, 5% level probability .Respectively.

The result of analysis of variance showed that interrupting irrigation and salicylic acid had significant effect on grain yield, oil percentages, ash contents of flower and leaf ash and nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium in two parts of the flower and leaf. Also interaction effect of interrupting irrigation and salicylic acid on flower ash, potassium flowers, and leaf, phosphorus and sodium flowers was significant. Mean comparison test showed that with interrupting irrigation in stemming and flowering stages, only the concentration of sodium and potassium elements and oil percentages increased significantly. Maximum grain yield in the control treatment was 633.43 kg. ha-1. Foliar application with 207 mg.L-1 salicylic acid increased 50% grain yield. Salicylic acid increased all the traits studied, other than sodium. Consumption of 138 mg.L-1 salicylic acid in interrupting irrigation condition increased 36% of flower ash and 38% of leaf phosphorus, due to non-consumption of salicylic acid and drought stress. The highest amount of potassium of flower and leaf were obtained by application 138 and 207 mg.L-1 salicylic acid in interrupting irrigation stress at flowering stage and maximum flowering sodium without application salicylic acid with interrupting irrigation in this stage.

The results suggested salicylic acid application in borage can increase uptake of macro nutrients required for plant growth and reduce the negative effects of drought stress damage.

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) belongs to the family of Lamiaceae. woody, perennial, shrubs with short, four-stalks, with a height of 50 to 70 centimeters. Its small and reciprocal leaves, the sharp, perfect, very aromatic, and its beautiful flowers, dark blue to purple, white. This herb has a powerful, cough- Soothing, expectorant effect, more or less diuretic and stomach tonic. Drought stress, while decreasing green growth and yield, causes changes in antioxidant activity in this plant. In nature, different environmental stresses threaten the survival, yield and growth of plants. Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses limiting the production of plants around the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Drought stress generally destroys and breaks down chloroplates and decreases chlorophyll content and decreases the amount of enzymes activity in the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis and ultimately reduces the growth and yield of the crop. The accumulation of compatible solutes is one of the effective mechanisms for modulating the stresses of dehydration or salinity. This regulation is performed by the production of more organic materials such as protein, soluble sugars, and amino acids such as glycine, proline, alanine and valine in the air and root organs. Glycine is one of the important amino acids in the environmental stresses and chemical formula is NH2-CH2-COOH. This research were investigate the effects of foliar application of glycine amino acid and its application time on growth and yield and antioxidant compounds of Hyssop under different irrigation conditions.

The experiment was conducted as split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications of Yazd agricultural and natural resources research farm in 2016-2017. Irrigation at 25, 50, 75% of the available soil water from the soil, order to control, medium stress, severe stress as the main factor and foliar application treatments in two levels of distilled water (control) and glycine amino acid (2.5 per thousand) and two levels of foliar application (vegetative and just flowering, flowering) were considered as subplots. The measured traits included plant height, lateral branch number, leaf number, fresh and dry weight yield, total phenolic compounds flavonoid and anthocyanin levels. SAS software was used to analyze the data. Mean comparison was performed by LSD at the probability level of 5%.

Different irrigation treatments reduced the number of lateral branches, number of leaf, fresh and dry weight yields, total phenol, but the anthocyanin content increased. No significant differences were observed between foliar application time treatments. Interaction effects showed that the combination of control irrigation and foliar application of glycine increased the height and number of lateral branches. Also this material in combination with irrigation mild and severe stress treatments levels increased leaf number, fresh and dry weight yield of plant compared to control.

The results of this present study indicated that the external application of glycine amino acid in addition to reducing the damage caused by water stress in the plant, also has increased the plant's ability to improve grow and enhance yield.

In many parts of the world where agriculture is important, crops usually encounter a large variation in water supply during their growing seasons. Thus, water deficit is a major constraint to crop production, even in humid environments (Soltani and Sinclair, 2012). In the context of improving water use efficiency (WUE), there is growing interest in deficit irrigation which involves applying stress levels to plants that have minimal effects on yields in order to optimize yields per unit of water used as well as crop returns increment (Rodrigues and Pereira 2009). One of the planting date goals is to detect the time after which crops could be able to keep immune even versus adverse climatic conditions Berzsenyi & Lap (2005). Arid and Semi-arid climate in the most parts of Iran with limited water resources highlights applying adaptive methods as well as new approaches to support crop producers in selecting proper varieties, accurate planting date and using water in an optimum way to maximize productivity and returns.

In order to probe those of agronomic traits contributing to final yield and detecting susceptible growth stages of corn to water stress a field study took place in research farm of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. Considering irrigation management and planting date as adaptive techniques and due to the rating of relative maturity (RM) of maize hybrids, (S.C. 704) selected as late-maturing hybrid in this experiment. The experiment implemented in split-plot template based on randomized complete block design with three replicates in 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons. The experimental treatments consist of three planting dates, (PD1: 21st April, PD2: 11th May and PD3: 31st May) assigned to main plots and four irrigation treatments, (100%ETc, 80%ETc, 60%ETc and 40%ETc) of the estimated evapotranspiration (ET) placed in sub plots.

The lower of grain yield (4150.30 and 3589.60 kg ha-1) and less total biomass (14354.60 and 13563.90 kg ha-1) resulted in stress treatment of 40%ETc respectively in 2015 and 2016. The highest values of irrigation water use efficiency based either on grain yield (1.39 and 1.20) or total biomass (4.79 and 4.53) were culminated in 40%ETc treatment for the period of two years respectively. It seems that in the presence of deficit irrigation plant capability in converting per unit of water to biomass will be improved through transpiration. Our results corroborated by those of Chaichi et al. (2015) who issued stepwise reduction for ear yield, total dry matter and grain yield in stress treatment as ETc decreased. Also lower rates of harvest index (28.76 and 26.34%) also recorded at 40%ETc treatment in both years respectively. Similar results revealed by Farré and Faci (2006) who found that HI decreased markedly with increasing water stress. The lower values of grain yield and total biomass obtained at the later-planted corns due to coincidence of pollination phase with the higher levels of temperature and evapotranspiration in mid and late planting dates (PD2 and PD3).

In fact crops planted earlier in the season tend to develop more gradually, under cooler temperatures with enough accessibility to more abundant soil water supplies and nitrogen availability. In this experiment, water stress during pollination time affected corns under common planting date (PD2). However, as the tail-end maturation of later-planted corns (PD3) approach cooler temperatures of early autumn, due to rapid loss of leaves there is less time for them to compensate yield losses and generally results in lower overall productivity. To help farmers for applying water more efficiently, they must pay attention to align planting date and applied hybrid with local agro-ecological endowments to avoid of irrigations that are surplus to requirements.

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental factors to reduce the growth, yield and yield components of many crops, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world.Temperature is very important for seed germination. There for it can be said, and water potential are two primary environmental regulators of seed germination. Quantification of germination response to water potential at different temperature is possible using hydro time model. In this study, with using hydro time model quantification of Brassica napus L. germination response to water potential and temperature.

In this study germination response of Brassica napus L. to water potential at different temperature were studied. Experiments were conducted in 2017 on Brassica napus L. (Okapi) at the seed laboratory of Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources and Education Center, AREEO, Yazd, Iran. Treatments included drought levels (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa) in temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C. The response of cumulative germination seeds to different potentials at different temperature was quantified using normal function. All data were analyzed by SAS ver 9.2. The hydro time model was fitted to cumulative germination. Goodness of fit of the hydro time models to all data was checked by constructing plots of the coefficient of determination (R2), the relationship between the observed and the predicted germination percentage and base water potential.

Results indicated that germination percentage increased with increasing temperature to 25 °C in all water potentials, while germination percentage and germination rate reduced as a result of water potential increment. The highest germination percentage (94 %) was obtained from control conditions at 20 and 25 °C. The minimum germination percentage (zero) was attained at 30 °C and -0.8 Mpa. Results indicated that, The hydro time constant (θH), base water potential, standard deviation of base water potential in population and the coefficient of determination (R2) for 10 °C were 81.34 Mpa h, -0.75 Mpa, 0.41 and 0.89, for 15 °C were 52.17 Mpa h, -0.82 Mpa, 0.47 and 0.70, for 20 °C were 28.71 Mpa h, -0.91 Mpa, 0.44 and 0.71, for 25 °C were 17.54 Mpa h, -0.81 Mpa, 0.42 and 0.73 and for 30 °C were 11.24 Mpa h, -0.52 Mpa, 0.35 and 0.82, respectively. The hydro time constant (θH) declined significantly with increasing temperatures, so that the minimum hydro time constant (11.24 MPa h) was attained at 30 °C. The increment of temperature resulted in significant reduction of base water potential, and the highest base water potential (-0.91 MPa) was obtained at 20 °C, and the minimum base water potential (-0.52 MPa) was attained at 30 °C. The minimum standard deviation of base water potential in population (0.35) was obtained at 30 °C, using hydro time model for quantitation of Brassica napus L.

Germination response to water potential at different temperatures, led to acceptable results. Utilizing the output of hydro time model at different temperatures can be useful in prediction of germination percentage of Brassica napus L. in different water potential.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are one of the main stress-responsive genes in plants that highly express in response to variable environmental stresses. Expression of HSP genes is primarily regulated by attaching heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) to binding sites at their promoter region. HSFs and their coding genes have been widely characterized in several plant species, but so far no report is available on the structure, organization, phylogenetic relationships and expression profile of these genes in halophyte species. Identification and characterization of gene family members properties in stress tolerant plant can be useful to understanding their molecular function and biological processes. The present study aimed to identify the HSF transcription factor gene families in halophyte plant Aeluropus littoralis.

The protein sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana HSF gene families were blasted against Aeluropus littoralis genomic sequences by local TblastN tools. After removing repetitive sequences, all sequences were verified by BlastP. In order to identification, annotation and analysis of domain architectures, the identified proteins were analyzed in different protein domain databases including Pfam 32.0, PROSITE and InterProScan. Similarity clustering based on motifs patterns were done by SALAD tool in all AlHSFs. The structure of exon and intron was generated by comparing the predicted CDS against genomic sequences of AlHSFs in gene structure display server (GSDS). The expression pattern analysis of AlHSFs genes was carried in leaf and root tissues under salinity stress and recovery conditions by transcriptome analysis.

In total, 11 non-redundant HSF genes encoding HSF domain-containing proteins were identified in A. littoralis genomes. Aeluropus HSF genes were named based on their identity to Arabidopsis AtHSF homologous proteins. All 11 AlHSFs were divided into three classes (A, B, and C), based on homology with Arabidopsis. Seven genes belonging to the HSFA class and three genes belonging to the HSFB class, and finally HSFC class like Arabidopsis had one gene. The gene structure analysis showed that AlHSF gene family member had distinct gene features, such as the composition and position of exons, introns, and conserved elements. The most AlHSF genes had two exons and one intron, while two genes (AlHSFA6B.1 and AlHSFA1B) contained three exons and two introns. AlHSFA6B.3 had six exons and five introns while AlHSFA6B.2 with one exon was intronless. Based on SALAd tool, 13 conserved motifs were identified from 11 AlHSFs. Motifs of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were presented in most AlHSF proteins, except for AlHSFA6B.2 which lacked the motif 4 and 5. Motif 2 was also absent only in AlHSFA6B.2 and AlHSFB4. Removal of these motifs may have occurred during gene duplication in the evolutionary process of this family, resulting in shorter coding regions. Also, the results revealed that some motifs were present in specific AlHSF proteins. For example, motif 10 only existed in AlHSFA6B.1 and AlHSFB1. Motif 12 was only present in AlHSFA6B.1 and AlHSFA1B. The phylogenetic tree divided the proteins into three groups based on the existence and distribution of different motifs. The expression pattern of AlHSFs genes in leaf and root tissues under salinity and recovery conditions showed that AlHSFA6B.3 gene was not expressed, indicating that this gene was silent in these tissues under corresponding stress. AlHSFB2A gene had the highest expression level (1.11) in leaf tissue under salinity stress. After that, AlHSFA6B.1 gene with expression levels of 0.96 and 0.87 was expressed more in leaf tissue under salinity stress and recovery, respectively. The least expression level was observed in AlHSFC1 and AlHSFA3 genes, respectively, which was four times less than the control. AlHSFC1 gene showed a significant expression decrease in the recovery conditions after a little expression increase in leaf tissue under salinity stress. Significant expression decrease of AlHSFA3 gene was observed in root tissue under salinity stress which indicates its role as a negative regulator in response to salt stress.

Different expression patterns of AlHSF family member suggest distinct modes of positive and negative gene expression regulation. These may also be related to their different molecular functions as well as diverse regulatory mechanisms involved in controlling the activation of these genes. The findings of this study reveal the functional characteristics of the AlHSF genes and provide a foundation for future functional research regarding their biological roles in plant tolerance to stress.

Salinity is one of the main abiotic stresses, especially in arid and semi-arid conditions, which affects plant growth and thereby reduces seed yield.

In the first part of this study, the morphological changes in 98 recombinant inbred lines population of oilseed sunflower derived from the cross of PAC2 × RHA266 were investigated in a complete block design with 3 replications under normal and 6 dS/m of salinity stress conditions. In both conditions, after flowering stage the characteristics including, grain yield per plant, 100 seeds weight, leaf number, stem diameter, plant height, capitol diameter, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, capitol dried weight, date to flowering were measured. The relationship between grain yield and other morphological characteristics were investigated by simple correlation and stepwise regression analyses. Cluster analysis was used for grouping the genotypes based on all studied morphological characteristics in each one of normal and salinity conditions. Based on the results of the first part of work, two salt tolerant and sensitive lines (respectively C86 and C64 lines) were selected and planted at different salinity levels (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m) conditions and their protein electrophoresis patterns were investigated using SDS-PAGE.

Based on the results of analysis of variance, salinity × genotype interaction effect was significant on all studied traits except for plant height, which indicated that the reaction of lines was different depending on different environmental conditions. Comparison of mean of lines in normal and salt stressed conditions indicated that the average of lines under salinity stress conditions decreased compared to normal one. However, the percentage of reduction is different depending on the traits. Heritability of traits varied between 0.07 for width of leaf to 0.50 for leaf number and day to flowering in normal conditions and in salinity stress conditions it varied between 0.09 for petiole length to 0.48 for weight 100 seeds and day to flowering. Based on stepwise regression analysis, the head diameter and 100 seeds weight were entered in the model and explained some part of yield variation in both salinity and normal conditions. So, selecting for these traits will improve grain yield in both conditions. In grouping of lines by using the minimum variance method (Ward method), all genotypes were grouped in 3 clusters in each of the environmental conditions. Under normal conditions, 49, 29 and 12 genotypes were grouped in the first, second and third clusters, respectively, and under salinity stress conditions, 42, 37 and 14 genotypes were placed in the corresponding groups. Based on the results of molecular experiment, different electrophoretic patterns for C86 and C64 lines were observed at different levels of salt stress, indicating a different reaction of lines to salt stress.

The highest coefficient of phenotypic variations was observed for grain yield, petiole length, leaf width, 100 seeds weight and head dried weight in both normal and salinity stress conditions which indicated their determinant roles in the development of phenotypic variation. In this study, traits such as capitul diameter and 100 seed weight due to high genetic variation, positive correlation and high direct effect on grain yield and moderate heritability, are suggested as desirable traits for selection of promising genotypes. In the second part of the study, based on the results, different electrophoretic patterns for C86 and C64 lines were observed at different levels of salt stress, indicating a different response of the genotypes to salinity stress.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major source of food and energy for more than 2.7 billion people on a daily basis and is planted on approximately one-tenth of the earth's arable land. Rice is one of the most important cereal. Salinity is the second most problem next to drought, in rice growing areas of the world. Soil salinity is a abiotic stress in crop productivity worldwide. The aim of the present study is to identify QTLs related to salt tolerance by using an Iranian rice population and Comparison of different QTL mapping methods.

A F8 RILs population, derived from a cross between a salt tolerance Ahlemi Tarom (ATM) and salt sensitive Neda (NAD) which were used in this study. The early crosss and segregated generations in the University of Gonbad Kavous were developed. The genetic material involved 96 lines were used to evaluate the salt tolerance. This experiment was conducted at the faculty of agriculture, university of Gonbad-Kavos, in 2016 as hydroponics. The seeds were placed 50 C for 3 d to break dormancy, and then germinated at 25 C for 72 hours. Finally, the germinated seeds were sown in holes of the Styrofoam board with a nylon net bottom, which floated on water for 3 d, and after were transferred to float on Yoshida's nutrient solution for 11 d. two week after sowing, the seedling were transferred to nutrient solution with electrical conductivity 6 dSm-1 for 7 days, then NaCl concentration was increased to 12 dSm-1 for further 7 days. This experiment was conducted in a controlled condition with 16-h photoperiod, temperature of 29/21 C and minimum relative humidity of 70%. The culture solution was renewed weekly and the PH was adjusted daily to 5.5 by adding either NaOH or HCL. Chlorophyll content was measured using a SPAD device. 40 SSR primer pairs, 16 ISSR markers (76 alleles), two IRAP markers (7 alleles) and one iPBS marker (3 alleles) were appropriately distributed on 12 rice chromosomes. Finally, The genes controlling the chlorophyll content located using different QTL mapping methods in clouding SIM-MEL، SIM، CIM، MIM، PMLE، ICIM and STSIM. These methods detected different QTL.

In CIM-MLE method, five QTL were detected on chromosomes 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 in normal condition, and three QTL were detected on chromosome 2 and 6 in salt stress condition. In SIM method, three QTL were identified on chromosomes 2, 3 and 8 in normal condition, and five QTL were identified on chromosomes 4, 6, 7 and 10, in salt stress conditions. In CIM method, three QTL were detected on chromosomes 2, 3 and 8, these QTLs justifying 13-23% of the phenotypic change of trait, in normal condition, but under salt stress condition, six QTL were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 6 and 7. qCHLN-3, qCHLN-5 and qCHLN-6 were detected by MIM method in normal condition and qCHL-6a and qCHL-6b were detected on chromosome 6 in salt stress condition. Six QTL were detected by PMLE method in normal condition and two QTL detected on chromosomes 6 and 9 in salt stress condition. In ICIM method, three QTL were identified on chromosomes 2, 3 and 8 in normal condition, in salt stress condition were detected five QTL on chromosomes 4, 6, 7 and 10. qCHLN-3, qCHLN-6 and qCHLN-7 were detected by STSIM method in normal condition, andqCHL-6on chromosome 6 and has a LOD of 3.187 and an additive effect of -0.079.

ICIM, CIM and SIM has most closely in genetic location in normal and salt stress conditions. qCHL-6 was identified in six location method at 52 cM position in chromosome 6. qCHLM-3 and qCHLN-8 were detected in CIM, CIM and SIM on chromosomes 3 and 8 and explaining 18-22% of phenotypic variance chlorophyll content in normal condition. CIM, ICIM and SIM method were detected QTLs on chromosomes 6 and 7. Among the methods used, the CIM has the least error in estimating the original QTL effect and it can be done at any point in the genome that is covered by markers and the performance of the markers is higher in this method. Therefore, the effectiveness of using the markers introduced in this method will be higher. The results of this study can identify the better genotypes in term of chlorophyll content for marker selection programs after validation of QTLs.

The purpose of this experiment was study on genetic variation of wheat mutant lines (T-67-60 and T-65-7-1) and its parent (Tabasi cultivar) using RAPD molecular marker and also compare some biochemical parameters of salinity tolerance between the mutant lines and the parent in response to salt stress in the seedling stage.In this study, two mutant lines of wheat (T-67-60 and T-65-7-1) with its parent (Tabasi cultivar), cultured in the Yoshida hydroponics at 30 °C and lighting condition (16 hours of light). Then salinity stress induced on wheat seedling at electrical conductivity 6 dS m-1 and leaf samples were collected for DNA extraction and evaluation of biochemical parameters (proline, protein and chlorophyll content).The pattern of RAPD marker showed more similarity of line mutant T-67-60 with parent (Tabasi cultivar).The results of biochemical parameters showed that mutant lines (T-67-60 and T-65-7-1) were higher tolerance than parent (Tabasi cultivar) under salinity stress.Variability of mutations induced by gamma radiation in wheat revealed and verified with molecular RAPD primers. In addition, differences in biochemical characteristics under salinity condition in the mutant lines (T-67-60 and T-65-7-1) and the parent (Tabasi) implies genetic variation for these traits.

The sever heat stress at the end of growing season in potato winter cultivation, always has been one of the major challenges in warm areas of Iran. Heat stress reduces the yield, quality and shelf life of the potato tubers by increasing the amount of respiration and changes at the balance of sugars and starch in the tubers. One of the suitable strategies to reduce the impacts of heat stress on potatoes is the use of calcium, especially calcium nitrate, which has been investigated in this experiment.

This Study conducted as split-split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in South Kerman Agricultural Research and Education Center during 2013-2014. The main factor was sowing date: suitable sowing time (31th Dec.) and delay sowing (4th Feb.) and three potato cultivars (Sante, Satina and Milva) were kept in sub-plot. Four calcium treatments (no calcium application, spraying 2500 ppm calcium nitrate in two stages (tuberization and 20 days after tuberization) and spraying 2500 ppm calcium nitrate in three stages (tuberization, 20 and 40 days after tuberization), and soil application of 75 kg/ha calcium nitrate in two stages (tuberizatin and bulking stages) were in sub-sub plots. The measured characteristics included the amount of calcium in the leaf and tuber, the amount of reducing sugars, total sugars and starch in tuber and the rate of rottenness of tubers after 60 days storage.

The results showed that Sante and Satina cultivars had the highest amount of calcium in the tuber, and Milva cultivar had the lowest calcium content. The heat stress at the end of the growing season in delay sowing increased the amount of total and reducing sugars of tubers. The application of calcium especially its soil application, in both delay sowing and suitable sowing time reduced the amount of total and reducing sugars and increased starch and calcium content of the tubers and calcium content of leaves. The application of calcium nitrate in delay sowing reduced the amount of total and reducing sugars as compared to control (non-application of calcium in delay sowing) by 19.4 and 21.9 % respectively, which indicating the impact of calcium application under heat stress conditions on decreasing the tuber sugars and improving quality of tubers. Soil application of calcium in delay sowing reduced the amount of reducing sugars compared to foliar application. Interaction of soil application of calcium nitrate in suitable sowing time (non-stress) and delay sowing (heat stress) had the highest starch and calcium content, respectively. The interaction of sowing date and calcium application on the rate of rottenness of tubers after 60 days storage indicates that the highest levels of rottenness related to the no calcium application in delay sowing, which can be due to impact of higher temperature (heat stress) at the end of the growing season. The application of calcium reduced the rate of rottenness of tubers, so that the reduction in the rate of rottenness of tuber in the soil application of calcium nitrate in delay sowing compared to control (non-application of calcium in delay sowing) was 30.5 percent. There was significant positive correlation between rottenness of tuber and tuber sugars, and significant negative correlation between rottenness with starch and calcium of tuber. The mention results indicate the role of calcium application in improving the shelf life and storage of potato tubers.

The application of calcium in delay sowing (under heat stress) reduced the total and reducing sugars and increased starch and calcium content of the tubers compared to control. Probably due to the effect of calcium on reducing the amount of tuber sugars, as well as its role in strengthening the cell wall of the tuber tissue, the rate of rottenness of tuber decreased. Therefore, the application of calcium nitrate especially its soil application by 75 kg/ha, in order to increasing the shelf life and storage of potato tubers, is recommended in delayed planting in warm southern areas of the Iran.

Heat stress during reproductive development is the main limitation in the production of wheat in most of the wheat fields in the world. It is important to recognize the physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with heat tolerance and the detection of screening methods in improving plants to tolerate heat. In Iran data from the effect of short-term heat wave on yield and physiological mechanisms do not exist under field conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of short-term heat stress near flowering and early grain filling on grain yield and physiological parameters.

This research was conducted at research farm of Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, located 35 km northeast of Ahwaz, in 2014. Four wheat genotypes (Chamran. Maroon, Arvand and Atrak) were exposed to heat stress (maximum 35 °C) for a three-day in the field with a portable heat chamber at two different stages, near flowering (H1) and early grain set (H2). Chlorophyll content was measured using manual chlorophyll. Stomatal conductance was performed from the top three leaves of selected plants. Chlorophyll concentration was calculated using the Arnon method (1949). Cell membrane thermostability (CMTS) were calculated using the following equation: CMTS (%) = [1- (EC1 / EC2)] × 100where EC1 and EC2 are the primary electrical conductivity (before the autoclave) and the secondary (after the autoclave), respectively. Proline was maesured using Bates method (1973). Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was measured using Nakano and Asada method (1987). Catalase (CAT) activity was measured using Aebi method (1983), peroxidase activity (POX) was measured using Chance and Maehly method (1955), Superoxide dismutase was measured using Biochamp and Fridovich method (1971). Malon de aldehyde (MDA) was measured using Hess and Packer (1969). All calculations were performed using the SAS-9.4 statistical software. Factor analysis was done by using principal component analysis and Varimax rotation on the temporary factor.

The results of analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences between heat stress levels and the traits of genotypes. Short-term heat stress (H1 or H2) decreased the average grain yield of Chamran, Maroon, Arvand and Atrak genotypes by 19.6, 18.6, 17.8 and 11.2 percent. Heat stress significantly caused to reduce water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf relative water content and cell membrane thermostability whereas stomatal conductance, chlorophyll destruction rate and proline content increased. Although there was no significant effect of short term heat stress on total chlorophyll concentration in this experiment, there was a negative correlation between grain yield and total chlorophyll concentration (r = -0.67 in H1 and r = -0.77 in H2). The activity of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase increased significantly in response to H1 or H2. The results of the factor analysis showed that four factors explained 86.7% and three factors explained 86.4% the variance among varieties in H1 and H2, respectively. Atrek, Chamran and Arvand varieties tolerated heat stress than Maroon variety by more photosynthesis persistency, higher metabolite content and more enzyme defense mechanism. It could be argued that cultivars with slower rate of leaf senescence after heat exposure and more enzymatic protection could be more tolerant to heat stress.

Mercury, as a heavy metal element, plays an important role in contaminating the environment and causing toxicity and stress in living organisms. . Heavy metals are defined as metals having an atomic number greater than 20 densities greater than 5 grams per cubic centimeter.Non-toxic stresses, including heavy metals, cause much damage to wheat. The industrialization of societies is releasing many toxic compounds on the biosphere. Among heavy metals, mercury is considered to be the most toxic metal in the environment. This metal is considered as the major environmental pollutant. Its toxicity is a big problem for ecological, evolutionary, nutritional and environmental reasons. In fact, heavy metals do not excrete the body after entering the body and accumulate in the tissues of the body. Despite the contamination of resources used in heavy metals, while reducing the quantity and quality of agricultural products, sustainable production and human health are also at risk. The same causes many diseases and complications in the body, the pollution of the environment with heavy elements will transfer them to crops, which is now spreading as a global problem.Mercury ions produce oxidative stress that produces reactive oxygen species in plants. This pro cess damages the structure of the membranes and disrupts the cytoplasm of the cell. To reduce and eliminate various active oxygen species and avoid oxidative damage in plants, the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase increases. One of the other mechanisms of coping with heavy metal stresses in living cultures is the production of intracellular, rich in cysteine amino acids such as metallothionein. The high number and special makeup of cysteine amino acids in these proteins has made it possible to connect them to metals.

A split plot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with hydroponic culture. The treatments consisted of chloride ivy with concentrations (0, control, 5, 10 and 15 μm) as the main factor and bread wheat genotypes (morvared, gonbad and N9108) as a sub factor.

Results showed that the expression of catalase and metallothionein gene was increased in morvared and N9108 genotypes by mercury chloride and the highest expression of these genes was obtained by treatment with 15 mM mercuric chloride (9.2 and 2.7 times more than control) Was. In Gonbad cultivar, the amount of gene expression was increased by treatment with mercury chloride compared to control, but this increase was lower than the other two genotypes. By increasing the concentration of mercury chloride, there was a significant decrease in the chlorophyll content of different genotypes, as well as chloride ivy significantly increased the oxidative cell index in the treated seedlings compared with the control It can be concluded that the morvared cultivar and the promising line of N9108 under heavy metal stress showed a better response than the gonbad. Used to deal with heavy metal stresses. According to the results of this experiment, it seems that the antioxidant defense system plays an important role in the defense strategy of the wheat plant against the tension of mercury metal and this defense system is induced and activated at the transcriptional level to help the plant.