فصلنامه نقش جهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوری های نوین معماری و شهرسازی
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 28، زمستان 1398)

Natural light as the only source of light in historical buildings can play a crucial role in changing interior spaces. Iranian architects artistically directed the light beams to the interior and partitioned integrated spaces without using separation elements or materials. Main question of this research is “how does sunlight  create spaces within southern vault of the mosque by establishing a combination of light, shade and darkness, and what is the role of light is in spiritualization of the main altar of the mosque? For this purpose, the light intensity was measured in the southern shabestan and altar using devices and a 12-month light travel simulation was performed by Dialux and the data were analyzed.The results suggest that luminance is the highest at noon prayer time every day in a year, promoting the spiritual space of the altar. On one hand, intensity of the light with aforementioned functions within the vault instead of using separation walls resulted in functional separation of the spaces. The difference of this research with previous ones is the use of photometric devices and quantitative analysis of the light in order to reach an analytical approach and to explain the importance of divine light in mosques.

Today, the overwhelming consumption of energy has become one of the most critical concerns of human life. The implementation of solutions to reduce energy consumption in buildings is becoming increasingly important. One of the most important factors determining the amount of energy received by a building is the general form of a building and the amount of its porosity. Considering the self-shading as an efficient passive cooling solution in hot and humid regions, the present study investigates the effect of porosity on self-shading and heat absorption amount.

The research method of this study is descriptive-analytical, and simulations are conducted by Ecotect 2011 to explore self-shading potential and the amount of received solar energy.

Investigations indicated that the modification of terrace depth does not influence the amount of received solar energy significantly. A comparative study of the porous models revealed that the U-RL models have the best and R-RL models have the worst performance from the viewpoint of self-shading and solar heat absorption.

The implementation of porosity into solid models does not always improve the shading potential. Optimization of building self-shading depends on the comprehensive study and essential simulations that subsequence the design period.

 Decorative and geometrical experiences are an integral part of Iranian art and traditional architecture in the Islamic era, which has provoked the acclaim of many pundits in this area. One of the challenges of contemporary Islamic architecture is the lack of discourse between traditional and modern approaches to create geometry and new forms.

The purpose of this study will be to produce 3D geometric decoration based on the principles of Gestalt aesthetics so that these forms will be shaped by sound frequencies resulting from the reading of the Quran at the different tunes.

To achieve the desired goals through library and field studies, firstly, recognition and classification of the Quran tunes, then examining the relationship between parametric architecture and music, has been used to analyze them from descriptive-analytical research methods. then, the modeling methods and pattern deformation based on the principles of Gestalt aesthetics have been studied. finally, three-dimensional geometric patterns are mapped into a computer simulation method with Rhino software and Grasshopper plugin based on audio input from the Quran.The result of this study indicated that the mathematical relationship between parametric architecture and Iranian music can be used to create unique –dimensional shells, coordinate with valuable features of context-based architecture.

Mathematical language can be used as a link between parametric architecture and musical tunes used in the reading of the Quran. Also, 3D shells which are produced with the Islamic architecture approach can play an applied role in the beautification of the urban highways.

This study establishes a contextual qualitative and quantitative evaluation of acoustic vitality in a public urban space (Darvazeh Isfahan) in Shiraz.

In quantitative part, by using acoustic simulation software (Ease4.3), measurable characteristics of sound including Sound Pressure Level (SPL), Sound Clarity (C), and Sound Transmission Index (STI) were examined. In the qualitative part, by conducting a sound-walk questionnaire, 30 space-users were interviewed at different periods of a working day. Simultaneously, we used a calibrated voice recorder and mapped the overall perceived-sound pressure of urban space.

The results showed instability in SPL at high ranges. It means that the fiber absorbers or street wall materials had acted insufficiently. The analysis also revealed a relatively normal Sound Transmission Index. However, the sound clarity in 50 milliseconds and 80 milliseconds were higher than average. On the qualitative evaluation part, the main sound contents that affected the sound clarity varied during the day. In the morning, users frequently perceived the carriage, motorcycle and human activity noises. Through noon, added to the morning sound content, they mentioned music sound. Finally, during the late evening, motorcycle and vehicle's noise, human's whispering and music were the most heard contents.

By overlaying the quantitative and qualitative maps, we introduced the specific boundaries of the urban space that acoustically require urban design interventions. Despite the fact that the results might be restricted to a local context in Shiraz, the findings could impart fruitful information for implicating appropriate acoustic vitality guidelines in urban public spaces.

The natural environment is one of the most valuable properties of the human being, but its real cost has not been recognized yet. Therefore, the valuation of natural ecosystems that provide various social, cultural and environmental services to urban fabric collections has received special attention in recent years. In this study, after a review of valuation systems of cultural services in several countries, as well as exploratory interviews with relevant experts and researchers in Iran, some criteria, sub-criteria, and indicators for valuing cultural services have been suggested by applying Delphi method. After studying the available resources and reviewing the interviews 5 main indexes with 17 sub-indexes and 56 indicators were extracted and introduced for evaluation of cultural services of natural ecosystems. Five main indexes include aesthetic, outgoing, cultural, spiritual, and education. These indexes have sub-indexes named diversity of perspectives, natural life, specific species and protection significance for the aesthetic index. An outgoing index has two sub-indexes namely natural parks and entertainment facilities. Cultural indexes have five sub-indexes namely historical sites, cultural heritage, nature as an intuition source for artistic activities, religious locations, and cultural occurrences. A spiritual index has only one sub-indexes named religious beliefs. Eventually, education index has five sub-indexes namely knowledge about an ecosystem, traditional knowledge, knowledge management, knowledge of stakeholders and experiencing nature. It is possible to identify criteria and indicators and match them with cultural values in planning.

Over time and the cities are spreading problems such as traffic problems, noise and air pollution, dispersion, incompatibility of use etc. It is problematic for managers and planners. Sustainable development is one of the methods that, by relying on a minimal use of resources, tries to improve the current problems of cities. One of the components of this model is intelligent growth that claims to be consistent with the principles of sustainability.This paper tries to discussion the relationships between these indices by examining the main parameters of smart growth and its adaptation to the theory of space syntax in the three urban constructions in Bojnourd. In this way, three main components of smart growth (walkability, mix landuse and public transport) in these texture have been studied using TOPSIS and ANP. The UCL Depthmap software is also used to analyze the space syntax indices. The present research is a developmental type and field methods, a questionnaire, and a library for collecting information have been used. The results show that the indices of pedestrian capability and mix landuse in the three studied textures are considered as an effective integration and passageway connectivity, and with the increase of these indices, there is an increase in walkability and mix landuse in the texture. But in this study, the impact of the public transport access index has not been seen.

Lighting cultural-historical areas is one of the factors enhancing nightlife identity and sense of place in cities. However, it should be noted that in any lighting scheme, the use of optimum light sources and the use of appropriate optical techniques can lead to higher quality, energy efficiency, tourist attraction and economic savings for the city.The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of modern technologies on the quality of lighting in historical and cultural contexts.

To achieve this goal, it is very helpful to achieve an optimal pattern of lighting using modern equipment. Therefore, firstly, using descriptive-analytical methods and library studies, lighting documents and successful internal and external experiences, important criteria for lighting cultural-historical areas have been extracted. These criteria are then prioritized and scored by experts. In addition, Dialux software has been used to model the street lighting of Ciye-Tir Street in Tehran, in order to measure the variables of light intensity and color temperature in different states. Finally, each of these modes was evaluated by Delphi method and in-depth interviews with experts.

The mode of use of LED lights with a color temperature of 4000 K was chosen, so that the optimum brightness was higher than the background.

The software output also uses 250-watt mercury vapor lamps to illuminate the sidewalks and sidewalks of the street, mounted on 7-meter bases at a distance of 26 meters from each other and illuminated at a 5-degree angle to the street surface.