نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 52 (اردیبهشت 1399)

By examining the USA presidential election system, it is clear that the theoretical and practical nature of democracy in this country is different from European democracies. Although the presidency is the most powerful office in the United States, the federal government plays little role in the presidential election. Reflect on the foundations of the USA federalist principles shows that the federal government's intervention in the presidential election system is largely limited to protecting voters' rights and controlling election fundraising. Purpose of this study, citing different theories and findings to show that USA electoral system in some positions, such as the college electoral system, it has shortcomings that will play a decisive role in the principles of democratic elections but it can be exemplified by the progressive ideas of American lawyers and politicians, introduced modern democracy based mechanisms to remove barriers and reform the structure of the USA presidential election.

Defendant's rights are one of the issues related to human rights. The feeling of insecurity caused by the developments of the first decade of the third millennium in the world was the beginning of the adoption of strict and repressive unprecedented measures, which were realized in a slogan of fighting crime and a calling for security. In fact, in recent times, criminal law orientations have been increasingly influenced by theories of criminology, to the extent that today the question of the formation of security-oriented criminal law is raised. Criminological security theories, including the theory of denial of tolerance or zero tolerance, have influenced the thinking of criminal justice system agents so much that their advancement has sometimes extended to the realm of civil rights and some manifestations of human rights. The right to security, as one of the manifestations of human rights demanded by citizens, obliges governments to ensure the security of life, property and dignity of citizens. But this has sometimes posed theoretical and legal challenges in the areas of individual and social security. Therefore, in this article, emphasizing the undeniable importance of criminal procedure standards and protection of individual rights and freedoms and by examining the judicial and legislative procedure of some countries (international documents) including Iran, the consequences of the sovereignty of the security-oriented approach to criminal (formal) law has been explored by outlining the various stages of the criminal procedure. The findings show that what seems necessary is granting certain rights to the defendant, with the help of which a balance can be established between the two scales – although it may be a relative balance.

Given the sensitive internal situation of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the importance of this important regional actor, the present article tries to address the impact of Iran’s national media and foreign Persian-language media on the events of October-November 2019. The purpose of this article is to first examine the soft war and psychological operations and its broad dimensions and then, the analysis of the content of Persian-language media about the first four days of protest against the increase in gasoline prices in Iran in October 2019 in an analytical manner, and at the same time, examining the possible shortcomings on the part of the authorities and the poor performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, which has enabled certain groups to take advantage of this event as much as they can. Accordingly, the main question is “How did the Persian-language foreign audio-visual media cover the October-November 2019 crisis?” In other words, how did the type of topics raised, the direction, the range of questions of the presenters, the invited experts, the timely use of male and female presenters and the experts with specific clothing, the news sources, the images, the citations and the predictions, the confidence building and measuring the balance and importance of the headlines came about? At the same time, the performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting and the actors in the field of internal decision-making has been criticized in this study.

The principles of sustainable development are more directly found in the principles of international environmental law than in concepts. However, despite the advances in the literature on sustainable development in international law, sustainable development policies have faced practical problems, and we are witnessing a significant gap in the theoretical and practical approach to sustainable development in international law of development, because the provisions of these principles are mainly established in law and in practice, according to the recognition of important documents in this field, are based on the priority of economic development over environmental and social developments. In this study, while examining the principles along with the concepts related to sustainable development in international environmental law, the necessary measures by the international community to deal with climate change in line with the goals of sustainable development are examined. Today, sustainable development is the key to resolving most climate change issues and is one of the most fundamental issues in international environmental law, such a way that it can be considered as the main goal of the development and formulation of the international environmental law, to the extent that the importance of sustainable development in international environmental law has led the world to witness the evolution and transformation of this branch of law into the international law of sustainable development.

Military necessity is a principle in the laws of armed conflicts that recognizes the potential non-applicability of legal criteria in certain circumstances and may sub-sequently reduce or eliminate the guilt for seemingly illegal acts in appropriate cases in armed conflicts. This law allows for illegal actions that are necessary to achieve a military goal, and otherwise they must be in accordance with the law. This principle has a widely used and substantial but at the same time vague and non-transparent concept. The lack of clarity in the meaning of this principle and the lack of explanation of the limits of "military necessity" has caused many challenges and damages in the field of internal and international conflicts, and in international political games, it has become a tool for the abuse of great powers. It should be noted that the majority of researchers and scholars view the principle of military necessity as a fundamental principle in the laws of war, but there is a disagreement as to whether this is a restriction on the use of force or a justification for violence. According to the author, the principle of military necessity can be examined with two attitudes and approaches: a) Permissive approach; b) Restrictive and deterrent approach. In order to minimize abuses and concerns about violations of the law by exploiting the principle of military necessity, we must provide a comprehensive definition of this principle in which the terms and conditions are clear.

The aim of this study was to analyze the content of the Social Studies textbooks of the fifth and sixth grade of the elementary school regarding the appropriate orientation of work culture. Content analysis has been used in this research. Analyzing the various units of the Social Studies textbooks of the fifth and sixth grade of the elementary school and using the researcher-made checklist, the components of work culture in the content of the mentioned books have been evaluated. The findings indicate that in terms of attention to the components of work culture in the fifth grade Social Studies textbook, the highest rate of attention is paid to the responsibility (20.3%) and hard work (19.8%) components, and the lowest level of attention is paid to the component of positive attitude at work (7%). In the sixth grade Social Studies textbook, the highest rate of attention is paid to the components of responsibility (26.0%) and collaboration and empathy at work (20.3%), and the lowest level of attention is paid to the component of benevolence at work (4.9%). In addition, in the mentioned books, the frequency and percentage of attention to the component of work culture in the text has been more than activity, worksheets and pictures. In explaining these findings, it can be said that in the Social Studies textbooks of the fifth and sixth grade of the elementary school, the components of work culture have not been considered symmetrically and uniformly.

The consequences and the influences of different languages on each other are natural phenomena, so there would be no advanced language in the world unless a language had influenced or been influenced by other language(s). However, whenever the issue of the influence of Arabic language on Dari Persian language is raised, the positive consequences of this influence come to mind, but there is no doubt that these influences also have negative consequences. Eventually, the influence of Arabic on Dari Persian has led to an over-closeness between the two languages, and this has led some Dari-Persian-speakers to make mistakes and errors when speaking Arabic. The purpose of this article is to recount the above-mentioned points, and the following results are obtained: a) mistakes in understanding and speaking abandoned Arabic words and phrases, supposing that these words and phrases are currently alive and used in the Arabic language; b) not using Mu’arrab words (words that are not originally Arabic and have entered Arabic from other languages and, along with their transformation, have taken on an Arabic form) with Dari Persian roots and believing that the Arabic equivalent of these words and phrases are being used in Arabic today, while the words themselves are used in Arabic, not their equivalent; c) not applying original Arabic words and phrases that are also used in Arabic today, assuming that these words and phrases are originally Dari, not Arabic; d) not understanding the meanings of some common words between the two languages that are written in the same letters and similar forms. In this article, the library method is used.