نشریه مطالعات عمران شهری
پیاپی 10 (پاییز 1398)

Today, the managers of organizations look for a logical proportion between maximizing the income in relation to a certain level of using the workforce. Outsourcing is a proportion which brings the most efficiency for the organization with the least costs. The aim of this paper is to do a feasibility study for tourism development by the use of outsourcing in Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Tehran City, which was done using an exploratoryanalytical combinatory method. The statistical population of the study includes experts from the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization, chosen by the Delphi method. After extracting the items from the comments of these experts, a questionnaire was designed and after confirming the validity using formal validity and the reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha which was .951, the questionnaire was used in the study. To analyze the data, Statistical test were utilized. The results show that the activities of managers, standardization, advertisement, marketing, cultural heritage, archeology, supervision, protection and security, granting and renewing licenses, training, research and tourism, investigating the complaints, archaeological restoration, documentation, activities related to the museums, investigating and identifying the environment and historical monuments, and mapping the cultural heritage can be outsourced. Among all these activities, investigating the complaints is the best to be outsourced. After prioritizing the importance of all the activities, advertisement and marketing are considered as the important activities to be outsourced which can be very effective in the development and expansion of tourism in Tehran City.

Given the increasing role of service activities in the urbanization system today, the how of service centers’ distribution and accessed to the service of these centers is of critical importance. One of the urban services that is currently scarce and unjustly distributed in Iranian cities is urban green space. In Jahrom, location priorities for green space have not been done with the decision making models and evaluation of the best model. This study investigates the optimal locations of urban green spaces in Jahrom City. The location of green space depends on factors, such as existing green space criteria, population density, communication network, access to unused land, and other uses. For this purpose, the Analytical Network Process (ANP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are used to apply weights at relevant layers and extract models. For zoning unused lands, the zones are divided into three categories of low, medium and high utility. Medium utility with 45.45% of land area is ranked first, and high and low desirability are ranked next, respectively. In the ANP method, the criteria are organized into four clusters of desirability, comfort, demographic and neighborhood. In this method, indices of proximity to residential centers and distance from existing parks with coefficients of 0.319 and 0.193 have the highest importance, respectively. Indices of land dimensions and accessibility with coefficients of 0.006 and 0.017 have the least importance in the decision making process for identifying suitable areas of green space in Jahrom. Based on the results, the best locations for future parks are the southern and eastern idle lands located in District two and the southwest and northeast idle lands in district three of the study area. Approximately 38% of the idle lands in the city are of medium desirability and 31.65% are highly desirable.

Many factors play a role in livability and intensification of livability, each of which affects the decisions and motivations of individuals and society to live and stay in some way. The presence of these factors leads to biological prosperity and their absence causes biological stagnation in a complex. Therefore, this study has been performed with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the livability of worn-out tissues in a descriptive-analytical manner. The statistical population of the study consists of residents of Banbarz neighborhood of Ilam city, 376 of whom are selected by Cochran's formula using the cluster random sampling method. The research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity is confirmed by experts and its reliability is confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.968. Data analysis is performed through confirmatory factor analysis and one-sample t test in SPSS software. The results show that the social (through the factors of residents’ participation and social security), economic (through the factors of proper access to public services and urban facilities, the private sector's desire to invest in the tissue, living standards), physical (through the factors of quality and antiquity of buildings (the rate of wear of materials and buildings), the existence of identifying elements and visual index, adequate area of housing, adaptation of the dimensions of texture and density of floors), management (through integrated management factors among institutions, creating financial facilities for the residents of the tissue, the amount of support for investors in the tissue), and environmental components are identified as factors affecting livability in the Banberz neighborhood. Also, from the perspective of residents, the livability of the Banberz neighborhood is unsatisfactory (m=2.055), where the economic livability of the neighborhood is weaker than other components (m=1.925).

Building density, as a ratio of the building area (across all floors) to the area of the residential plot, is an important issue in urban planning and land management. Today, due to the scarcity of resources and to reduce urban development costs and provide more desirable and yet economical services, attention has been drawn to population densification and consequently, increased building density. What criteria are effective in determining density and how effective they are, is an important issue that should be considered in determining density. Since several quantitative and qualitative criteria influence density determination, it is necessary to use decision support systems to integrate and combine criteria. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting building density and finally, determine the suitable area for increasing density in Qazvin. In this paper, the AHP, TOPSIS, and VIKOR methods are used for criteria weighting and area prioritization to increase the reliability coefficients. Priority areas with all three methods are Mahdieh, Imamzadeh Hossein, Minoodar, Azadegan, Babaei and Imamzadeh Ali, respectively.

In today's world, walkability is considered as one of the most important issues in the sustainable development of neighborhoods, which is shifting from the qualitative form to the quantitative form. Walkability is one of the first and most important preconditions for increasing neighborhood sustainability. Accordingly, this article introduces a quantitative method for measuring walkability in local streets and measures a local sample on this basis. The process of measuring local street walkability using the LEED.ND model is carried out in three general stages. The first step, which is part of the process requirements, consists of three variables of “main building entrances”, “building height to street width ration”, and “sidewalk continuity”. The second stage, which has a rating of one to twelve, includes ten variables: “sidewalk distance from the building”, “entrance distance”, “openings’ status”, “closed crust”, “parking”, “sidewalks”, “height of residential units”, “height to street width ratio”, “speed of riding”, and “crossings”. The third stage, which is two-point, consists of two variables of “arboriculture” and “trees’ shade”. According to the surveys, the local Amir Street has failed to get the passing points from these stages, and is in poor and undesirable condition in terms of sustainability.

The city is recognized as a prime geometric location for prosperity and the best place to deal with some of the new post-crisis challenges. Today, urban prosperity is a holistic and comprehensive approach to raising the level of collective well-being and guiding cities toward a bright future in economic, social, political, and environmental terms. The main purpose of the present research is to identify the most important indicators of achieving urban prosperity in Sanandaj city. In this study, structural equation analysis technique and SmartPLS software have been used to analyze the urban prosperity components in this city. The statistical population consists of 30 active executives, faculty members, and planning experts at different levels. The results show that there is a kind of logical and significant correlation between the components in relation to each other. The component of governance and urban legislation with a value of 0.875, environmental sustainability with a value of 0.847, quality of life with a value of 0.767, infrastructure development with a value of 0.721, equity and social participation with a value of 0.477, and productivity with a value of 0.439 play the most important role in achieving urban prosperity in Sanandaj city, respectively.