مجله طب دریا
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، بهار 1399)

 Due to serious psychological effects of the new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) like stress, anxiety, depression and Post traumatic stress disorder, the purpose of this study was to investigate, identify and provide psychological interventions to people involved especially medical staff, Patients, their families and those quarantined.

Published studies on psychological interventions during the Pandemic Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) were reviewed, from January 1 to May 11, 2020. The search terms were nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, Pneumonia, Psychological interventions, crisis intervention, mental health, COVID-19, Pandemic. Literature for this review was identified by searching the following online databases: PubMed, science direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, ProQuest, SID, IranMedex and MagIran. In addition, some papers published online by the National Health Commission of China, National Center of Disease Prevention and Control, and WHO were also searched. This study analyzed and discussed 75 research articles published until 11 May, 2020.

Of 102 articles found, 75 were reviewed. The results showed negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, stress, sleep disorders, anger on medical staff and other people involved with coronavirus were significantly increased. Stressors included health anxiety, conspiracy theories, longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, rumors, Negative beliefs about vaccination, and stigma. Findings show that at the time of the outbreak, online cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective.

Review of previous studies, have shown that people's mental health, especially medical staff involved in this disease during the Pandemic Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) decreases and dealing with it requires quick, continuous and timely psychological intervention, especially online services and the benefits of online psychological services is much greater than face-to-face psychological services.

The respiratory system is the first pathogenic place for SARS-CoV-2 virus. According to the experimental evidence, the virus enters into the lung cells through type-2 isoform of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2), which is expressed at high level in the alveolar cells. The disease induced by the virus was officially named as COVID-19 that by development of the diffused injuries in lung results in acute respiratory failure. Histopathological findings obtained from lung biopsy in patients with COVID-19 showed the diffuse alveolar damage, chronic inflammatory exudates and severe edema in lung. Accordingly, during severe state of disease, which the diffuse damages are observed in respiratory membrane in accompany with reduction of lung diffusing capacity, gases transfer is not even possible by using mechanical ventilator. In this situation, using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) could be a helpful method for the respiratory gases exchange and blood oxygenation. ECMO as a rescue therapy could prevent long-term hypoxia and the tissues damages when a decrease in the respiratory gases transfer in respiratory membrane is observed in severe state of COVID-19.

The Secretary-General of the World Health Organization announced a state of emergency on January 30, 2020, to deal with the new coronavirus. The COVID-19 pandemic began in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and due to the high transmission power of this virus, it quickly involved many problems around the world. Efficient management in some countries minimizes damage. In this article, we examine the management practices of different countries. Quick action, use of experience, forecasting and equipping the required infrastructure, and the use and application of all capabilities seem to be effective factors in controlling the new coronavirus pandemic in some countries.

In late December 2019, the new coronavirus-2019 (2019-nCoV) caused the outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan, China. The disease is currently being treated as a major health threat around the world that has claimed the lives of many people.Corona has infected about 200 countries, including Iran.According to world statistics, its mortality rate is 4.3%. The virus is classified on the Virus Classification Committee as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. The early symptoms of Covid-19 include: pneumonia (with decreased oxygen levels, shortness of breath, irritable and dry cough, pharyngeal stimulation, sputum, risk of pulmonary fibrosis), fever, muscle aches and fatigue. To date, unfortunately, there are no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs to control this infection clinically. Therefore, prevention, infection control, and compliance with health principles are still a top priority for people.People with the disease develop significant respiratory problems from pneumonia, and consequently symptoms such as decreased oxygen levels, shortness of breath, irritable and dry cough, pharyngeal irritation, sputum, and risk of pulmonary fibrosis.The purpose of this review study is to evaluate the role of respiratory physiotherapy in the treatment of patients with covid-19 based on available evidence.

The new coronavirus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes an infectious disease called coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This disease is highly contagious, and it damages organs due to the high affinity of Spike protein for the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cell receptor, which is highly expresses in organs such as the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, brain, and bladder. These organs seems a probable host for the virus although the main target tissue of the virus is the lungs. In general, the virus enters the host cell by Spike protein, which it is a good candidate for the vaccine design. Inhibition or blockade of ACE2 receptors using antibodies that neutralize this receptor can be a hope to prevent the virus from invading the cell and causing damage.

In late 2019, a new viral disease, called COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, began in China and soon became a pandemic. COVID-19 is a threat to human health and causes human and financial losses in societies. Therefore, researchers are working to identify and control it more quickly. This review provides the newest information on COVID-19.

The data in this review are extracted from the latest articles related to COVID-19 and include the origin of the virus and its transmission routes, eco-epidemiology, incubation period and the symptoms of the disease, and perspectives on its control and prevention. 

SARS-CoV-2 is known as a zoonotic agent with high gene mutation. COVID-19 symptoms are numerous and the most important mode of transmission is respiratory droplets. Therefore, the patientchr('39')s history, diagnosis of general symptoms, laboratory findings, chest imaging, serological and molecular diagnosis, can be effective in identifying patients as soon as possible, controlling and preventing.

There is still no effective drug or vaccine to prevent the disease and investigation in this field is ongoing. The only way to prevent and control the disease is adherence to the health protocols

The capacity and efficiency of the COVID-19 surveillance system in identifying cases by epidemiologic indicators are critical for system utility and practice. Policymakers and health managers can make effective plans to control the COVID-19 outbreak by having valid and appropriate data surveillance ability. There make they also review the program for requiring changes. Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value are important indicators for assessing the capacity of the surveillance system to diagnose cases. However, due to the low sensitivity of COVID-19 diagnostic tests and the high false-negative percentage and the long interval between the diagnosis and the confirmed result, it is better to evaluate the capacity of the surveillance system to take care of reliability indicators such as Percent Positive Agreement (PPA) and KAPPA statistics.

One of the psychological and social consequences of some diseases, especially infectious diseases in any society and in these difficult days of coronavirus outbreak, is the patient's fear of social reactions, disease stigma and transmission, which is due to the severe attack of this disease. Different dimensions of society have not paid attention to this important issue. The current prevalence of corona disease has led to stigma and discriminatory social behavior against people of certain ethnicities, as well as anyone who is thought to be infected with the virus. Also, social stigma can cause behavioral disorders and negative effects on patients, doctors, nurses, the patient's family, and so on. In addition to potentially exposing many countries around the world, the virus has actually affected many families. There are few people in the world today who have not heard or been unaware of the health guidelines and recommendations for the prevention of this dangerous virus; But few media outlets and experts talk about the general condition of people who have lost a family member to the disease. While these people are in a state of great mourning due to the loss of their loved ones with emerging issues such as severe concern about the affliction of other family members, not being able to hold and perform funerals and mourning rituals for their loved ones due to health advice such as community ban and This is followed by deprivation of emotional perceptions, empathy, sympathy and support from relatives, friends and acquaintances. Corona disease is not just a disease and is not limited to a person with coronary heart disease, but also represents or identifies a person or persons who are unlikely to have health behaviors, and as a result of these unhygienic and careless behaviors. Have been infected.

Two behaviors were observed during the Coronavirus epidemic in the world. The first treatment was discriminatory among patients, and hospitals preferred some patients. They saw the second behavior of the patients in the eyes of the patient and treated the patients with autopsy, although the virus did not cure and less effective efforts were possible. This paper analyzes human behavior by analyzing the content of the ethical foundations of these two types of behavior and seeks to find the causes of these ethics among nurses, physicians, hospitals, medical staff and governments, and the ethical difference in the issuance of different medical practices in Dealing with the corona epidemic phenomenon is not ineffective and advises nations to teach ethical principles along with professional principles to hospital treatment and management staff.