نشریه پژوهش های حقوقی میان رشته ای
پیاپی 1 (بهار 1399)

Since the beginning of the Iranian contemporary legislative period, there is no specific law on sports activities and therefore lawyers have resorted to legal foundations and principles in order to justify the events resulting from sport operations. In 1973, for the first time it was established that events resulting from sport operations are not a crime provided that it is not a violation of the rules related to that exercise. This provision was repeated in the following rules with little modifications. The reason is the social expediency, the victim’s satisfaction, custom and habit and attention to the important position of sport in excellence of ethics and the emphasis of the constitution. The perpetrator is an athlete and sports action means the group of actions taken within the framework of a sport. The main condition for justifying operations is compliance with the rules related to sport specially the regulations of sports faults. The athlete cannot also exploit the law’s permission to harm others. The lack of athlete responsibility is limited to the time of exercise and that the sport should not be contrary to Sharia norms.

House as the main position of the family, is of vital importance to the survival of the human and society. Nowadays, architects have discovered that the physical space is exactly the same as law can strengthen norms. The power of architecture in the expression of norms should not be underestimated. Architectural engineers can create spaces that can move people close or away from each other. They can also enhance the feeling of security and comfort, or to add to the crowds and the psychosis of the community. The type and form of housing, factors and design methods also affect people’s behavior. The kind of life environment such as residence in dwellings or social housing has different social and cultural impacts. Also, two factors such as residence in rural areas as well as expanse of houses affect many residents ' behaviors. Psychological research shows the effect of design and map on behavior and perspectives. When people feel more space, they tend to be less aggressive. Today, the optimum use of factors such as nature, greenbelt and appropriate color reduces aggressive behavior. The color is another aspect of the city’s life. Psychologists say that different colors affect behavior and emotions. Colors in people create different emotions and architects can use this feature to design residential environments.

Wisdom (Aql) is one of god’s blessings to man. In order to maintain the health of Wisdom, the holy legislator, supports against several minor and partial injuries to wisdom (Aql) and covers the damage by complete or partial Dia (blood money). Consequently, chapter five of the second part of the Islamic Penal Code is dedicated to the problems of wisdom (Aql). It seems that there are serious weaknesses in Iranian legislative criminal system in this regard which did not mentioned in the juridical books. One of the most important examples is the concept of "Atah”. Although the word “Atah” is common in a period between insane and Madness, but it does not mean insanity. Likewise, in explaining the position of this concept among mental disorders, due to the lack of interruptions in relation with the realities of the world around him as well as loss of function, it is placed in category of nervouses. In the case of retaliation in crimes which causes decline or lack of reason (Aql), the evidence of the group which agrees with the execution of punishment (Qisas) is Sound.

Soft drugs are a relatively new concept that has no history at least in our country’s legal and social literature. The term is referred to as a form of drugs with specific features and refers to those substances whose consumption is not likely to cause addiction, has less adverse effects on the health of the body and can be expected to use it as a treatment. These characteristics have caused some tendency to decriminalization of this type of drugs. However, the opposition believes that the decriminalization is in the first place opposed to legal moralism and secondly because it violates international obligations of governments. Also, releasing these drugs, such as hashish, will reduce prices and eventually increase its consumption. In addition to the implication of a large number of studies, Decriminalization of soft drugs consumption amounts to an increase in crimes especially financial crimes. The experience of countries already involved in drug abuse has also been an unsuccessful experience.

Human rights as a universal approach have various dimensions which are defined as children’s rights and including the right to happiness. This approach, particularly with the advent of universal declaration and convention on protecting children’s rights has become more common. The main purpose of this study is to look at the right to happiness of children as one of the important manifestations of human rights in contemporary era. Accordingly, the main question of this research is what are the most important strategies for realization of the right to happiness of children? In this regard, it seems that paying attention to the characteristics and behaviors of children friendly nature, providing conditions for children’s social participation, creating conditions to form children Friendly City is one of the strategies that can pave the way for children to achieve happiness. Meanwhile, reducing the role of men in building urban spaces and paying attention to emotional and emotional characteristics of children in designing social, educational and urban environment can be considered as a kind of support for children’s happiness based on universal human rights approaches. According to the aim of the present study, the descriptive - analytical approach has been chosen as the method of the present study which has collected the relevant information by the documentary and library method.

Supervision and control are significant responsibilities of any governmental authorities, by means of which the process of accomplishing predetermined objectives are planned. Moreover, by considering the amendment of the observed flaws in the process of executive routines, corruptions are prevented. Using the necessary supervisory means, following the relevant rules and regulations, and increasing the employees’ motivation and satisfaction, experienced managers introduce and institutionalize discipline to their workplace. This could lead to the decrease of violations and possible crimes committed by individuals, administrative and governmental organizations, and the reduction in the expenditures. Having been said, the following article attempts to define “control” and “supervision” from different aspects, and disprove the existence of multiple supervisory institutions to emphasize the necessity for a sole supervisory institution to manage the supervisory affairs by using some religious texts and the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.