نشریه تحقیقات دامپزشکی و فرآورده های بیولوژیک
سال سی و سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 127، تابستان 1399)

In critical care, and/or in the perioperative setting, pain is often a major component of the clinical picture. It is often of inflammatory origin, because all the chemical mediators of inflammation stimulate or sensitize the nociceptors. It can also be of mechanical origin, for example when it is associated with dilatation of a hollow organ or with compression, laceration or destruction of tissue. In such cases, intensive pain appears soon after the injury and is amplified later when inflammation sets in. Finally, pain can arise from the brain stem, through direct excitation of the pain-transmitting spinal neurons. When pain is poorly managed it is a source of complications that make the prognosis more uncertain. Multimodal analgesia is based on a concept that is also used in general anesthesia and in cancer therapy. The principle is simple: when tackling a complex and multifactorial process, the benefit/risk ratio is improved by using a combination of different approaches. Their beneficial effects are additive, and each one is used more sparingly to limit their individual adverse effects. For a long time, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids were used alone singly, and it was proposed to use one or other type depending on the intensity of the pain. The problem is no longer put in these terms. A combination of several molecules is used in all cases and the analgesic protocol changes depending on the type of pain.

Avian influenza is a contagious viral disease. The H9N2 subtype of the agent is endemic in Iran and causes a lot of losses in poultry industry at the moment. Therefore, the control of the disease is particularly important. Vaccination is one of the control measures. Oils that are used as adjuvant in commercial vaccines are mineral oils. The most disadvantages of these oils include; low metabolism and residuals in tissues, severe tissue reactions, and carcinogenesis. So, researchers are trying to use vegetable oils as adjuvants in vaccines instead of mineral oils. In the present study, the adjuvant property of hexane extract of fig and olive fruits were evaluated. For this reason, the effect of mixture of inactivated avian influenza subtype H9N2 and fig or olive extract was separately examined in 50 commercial broiler chickens in comparison with a commercial vaccine. The anamnestic response method was used for evaluation. Results indicated that the mixtures could not inhibit infection and anamnestic response in the chickens, while the commercial vaccine inhibited anamnestic response and induced better immunity. According to the results, it seems that we cannot even use the hexane extract of fig and olive separately, as an adjuvant in preparation of avian influenza vaccine.

Infectious bronchitis is an avian acute and highly contagious disease that causes heavy economic losses in poultry industry. Inactivated and live attenuated vaccines containing different virus serotypes (e.g. H-120) are widely used to control the disease. These vaccines should be periodically evaluated in the vaccinated chickens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serum responses following administration of Razi infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) H-120 strain vaccine and compare them with the results of the same commercial imported vaccine. In this case, a farm of broiler chickens includes two poultry house was selected. The groups of chickens in each house were administrated with one of the imported or RAZI IBV vaccines. Twenty chickens per group were bleeded at 4, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after vaccination. The induced serum responses against IBV were evaluated in vaccinated chickens by ELISA and serum neutralization (SN) tests. In this research, no significant differences were found in ELISA antibody titer between the two groups that vaccinated with Razi H-120 vaccine and similar imported vaccine (CEVA Company) in any of the blood transfusion episodes. The results of the serum neutralization test confirmed the ELISA data. The result of this study was showed that IBV H-120 Razi vaccine, like the same imported vaccine, has potency to induce immunity in broiler flocks.

The aim of this study was to determinate the variety of Anaplasma species among sheep of Mazandaran province, Iran .For this purpose, a total of 95 blood samples were collected via the jugular vein from healthy sheep randomly.The extracted DNA from blood cells were amplified by Anaplasma-all primers, which amplify an approximately 1468bp DNA fragment from region of 16S rRNA gene from various members of the genus Anaplasma. 70 (73.7%) out of 95 sheep blood samples were Anaplasma spp. positive by first PCR and nested PCR. All sheep positive samples were analysed for the presence of A. phagocytophilum and 22 of sheep blood samples (23.2%) were positive for A.phagocytophilum. The extracted DNA from positive Anaplasma spp. samples were amplified by Anaplasma ovis specific primers, which amplify an approximately 866bp DNA fragment from region of msp4 gene. 56 out of 95 sheep blood samples (58.9%) were positive for Anaplasma ovis. This study is the first molecular detection of Anaplasma species from sheep in Mazandaran province. The results show that there is a significant difference among the percentage of sheep infection to Anaplasma phagocytophilum with different seasons of the year (P<0.05).Also, there are a significant difference among the percentage of sheep infection to anaplasma ovis with different seasons of the year, above sea level, Sex and longitude. (P<0.05).

The members of the genus Mycobacterium, are the causative agents of mycobacteriosis, Mycobacteriosis is a chronic and progressive disease that may affect all tissues of the fish. Clinical signs include scale loss, dermal ulceration, spinal defects and etc. Mycobacteriosis is a zoonosis disease, and most people who deal with fish, are at risk. Due to the expansion of Rainbow fish breeding in the city of Sabzevar and having awareness the disease caused by Mycobacterium in fish and as a result of mortality and economic damage and also possibility of transferring this bacterium from fish to humans, it is necessary to study Mycobacterium in Sabzevar Rainbow fish. The purpose of this research is isolation and molecular identification of Mycobacterium from Rainbow fishes in Sabzevar pools. In this research 50 Rainbow fishes with clinical signs collected from seven different fish breeding pools in Sabzevar city. After autopsy and culture of the specimens in sterile conditions, in order to confirm acid-fast of the bacteria, was performed Ziel-Neelsen staining. Then, DNA extraction was performed and PCR-16s rRNA was performed to confirm mycobacterium infection. To determine identity, the results of the sequencing of the PCR product were evaluated using the BLAST program. In this research, three acidfast isolates grew, that the sequence of all three isolates belonged with 99% similar to Mycobacterium peregrinum. Given that M. peregrinum is isolated from aquatic and human respiratory tract infections, Therefore, it is necessary to warn people who deal with fish in any way.

Some of ticks are major vectors of pathogens for animals and humans. This study was conducted to determine tick infestation rate of sheep and seasonal variations of tick population in Sabzevar city. This survey was carried out during April 2016 until March 2017. A total of 800 sheep were randomly selected and examined. A total number of 400 adult ticks were collected and then were preserved in 70% Ethanol alcohol with 5% glycerin and were identified using diagnostic keys. Based on the results obtained in this study, two Genera and four species including Hyalomma anatolicum (40%), Rhipicephalus turanicus (30%), Hyalomma excavatum (16.25%) and Rhipicephalus bursa (13.75%) were identified. The most prevalent tick was Hyalomma anatolicum. The prevalence of ticks on sheep was 22.5%. The highest amount of infestation was observed in spring (53%). In this study, the highest infestation rate was reported in the head and ear area with 49.5%. Ticks are important due to their role in transmission of diseases such as theileriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis. So the result of this study can be useful for implementation of disease control.

The aim of the current study was to determine the effects of different levels of milk thistle extract on productive performance, blood parameters and egg quality in laying hens imposed to dexamethasone-induced stress. The 2×3 factorial experiment was managed in a completely randomized design with 72 Hy- Line (W36) laying hens in 6 treatments and 4 replicates of 3 birds each. The experiment was carried out from the age of 75 to 81 weeks. Hens were weighed and either remained uninjected or received injections dexamethasone (0 and 4 mg per bird). The milk thistle extract were included at 0, 100 and 200 mg/kg in diets. The dexamethasone injections caused reductions in egg production percentage and egg mass in the throughout the experimental period (P<0.05). Laying hens imposed to dexamethasone-induced stress had the highest feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The highest amount of lymphocytes in blood were observed in groups supplemented with 200 mg/kg of milk thistle extract (P<0.05). HDL content in serum was increased by the inclusion of milk thistle extract (200 mg/kg) (P<0.05). Adding of milk thistle extract to the diet of laying hens caused a significant decrease in LDL content in serum (P<0.05). In general, stress induced by dexamethasone injection reduced egg production and increased feed conversion ratio and addition of milk thistle extract to the diet had no positive impact on performance in laying hens.

Integrons are mobile genetic factors that are able to carry resistance gene in some bacteria like Escherichia coli. Drug resistance study in pathogenic bacteria is important. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of integron class 1 and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Escherichia coli strains isolated from broilers with colibacillosis infection. A total of 100 Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) were isolated from the lesions of the birds suspected to colibacillosis by sampling aseptically from internal organs. All isolates of Escherichia coli were confirmed by biochemical tests. To evaluate antimicrobial resistance, the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar was used in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines by using of seven antibacterial paper discs. The DNA of these isolates was extracted by a boiling method and was screened for the presence of class 1 integron gene by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial resistance test showed resistance to nalidixic acid (100%), tetracycline (96%), ciprofloxacin (91%), norfloxacin (88%), lincospectin (53%), cefuroxime (50%) and gentamicin (17%). Furthermore, 97% of the isolates contained integron class 1. According to the results of this study, there is high prevalence of integron gene in Escherichia coli isolated from colibacillosis lesions. Besides, high prevalence of drug resistance was observed among the isolated pathogenic Escherichia coli.

Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonoses in Iran. Zanjan province has been categorized as a high-risk region based on annual human Brucellosis incidence reports. It seems the high prevalence of the disease is related to the morbidity of disease in the domestic animals. This cross-sectional survey was carried out between January and December 2018, to estimate the seroprevalence and related risk factors in rural domestic ruminants in Zanjan province at individual and herd levels. For this purpose, Rose Bengal, Wright and 2-Mercaptoethanol serological tests with serial interpretation were used. The results showed that the seroprevalence of the disease at individual and herd-level were 4.0% and 33.2% respectively. In 51.9% of the villages there were animals with antibody titres against Brucella. Estimating of odds ratio (OR) showed that aborted fetal and related membranes burial (Odds Ratio: OR=0.2) and daily removing of manure in Livestock breeding season (OR=0.3) were protective factors. leaving aborted fetuses, fetal placenta and embryonic layers for the dogs (OR=3.6), disposal of the organs in the environment (OR=5.2), presence of goats in the herd/flock composition (OR=9.0), Abortion history (OR=3.7), the presence of herd dogs in farm (OR=7.9) , inadequate knowledge of farmer about the disease transmission routes (OR=3.3) , introduction of new animal to the herd(OR=5.0) and lack of vaccination history against brucellosis(OR=3.7) were significant risk factors. Therefore, it is essential to define and execute specified measures in order to strengthen protective factors and also weaken the risk factors of the disease in the province.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding different levels of Sargassum angustifolium on the growth performance and some blood indices of adani native goat kids. In this study, 24 native male goat kids with 15.6 ± 2.3 kg and 6 months old in a completely randomized design with three levels of Sargassum angustifolium and 8 replicates, 75 days were used. Experimental groups were fed with Sargassum angustifolium for 75 days and the control group was fed with basal diet during this period. The present results showed a significant increase were observed in final weight (FW) and weight gain (WG) in treatment groups compared with control (P<0.05). The percentage use of Sargassum angustifolium had a significant effect on the carcass yield of goat kids (P<0.05). blood factors changes in different experimental periods, did not show any significant difference between treatment groups compared with control (p>0.05). Finally, the present results suggested that Sargassum angustifolium can be used as an unusual feed for up to 20% of the feedstuff for adani goat kids.

Antioxidants are free radical scavengers, which protect the body against oxidative damages. Marine organism have also attracted attention in research on natural antioxidants. Therefore antioxidative properties of ascidian (Phallusia nigra) extracts from Oman Sea were investigated. DPPH free radical scavenging, reduction power and metal chelating activity were employed to identify the antioxidant properties by using methanol, ethanol and chloroform solvents. Experimental results of this study were presented as mean ± standard deviation of three replications and for analyzing data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan multiple range test. The concentration of (1 mg/ml) methanol gained the highest percentage of DPPH radical scavenging (i.e. 93.09 ± 1.5 %). In reduction power assay, concentration of (1 mg/ml) methanol (0.35 ± 0.01) was higher in comparison with other extracts. In all the concentrations, Metal chelating activity of chloroform extract was reported to have the highest percentage. In all three assays, there was a direct relationship between concentration, control and absorption power of extract. In this study, the antioxidant properties of Phallusia nigra showed to be significant and could be used for further studies in order to find new pharmaceutical compounds for treating many diseases like cancer. Moreover After preclinical and clinical studies, the extract can be used in cosmetic and veterinary medicine industries.

Unfortunately, using the antibiotics to treat mastitis is increasing in which leads to undesirable side effects. One of the antibiotics alternatives with high potential are antimicrobial proteins like lactoperoxidase. The aim of this study was to predict the peptides of lactoperoxidase protein and compare them in six different species (human, camel, sheep, goat, buffalo and cattle) and also investigate its antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains through Molecular docking. The study of physicochemical properties of the lactoperoxidase protein and the derived bioactive peptides has been done using the CLC Main Workbench 5 software. The Swiss-model server was applied to predict the third (three-dimensional) structure of lactoperoxidase protein for camel and human. The peptides of lactoperoxidase protein were predicted and ultimately, the interactions of this protein and its derived peptides with the outer membrane proteins of the mentioned names were survived using ClusPro2.0 online software. The results of the position and energy of bonding assessment using molecular docking show that the most suitable binding location, in which the derived lactoperoxidase protein is bound to the outer membrane proteins of bactria membrane, with the lowest energy, related to cattle and goat, respectively. Bioinformatics study of the seven derived peptides from this protein showed that the third peptide of cattle, goat, buffalo, and sheep has a better performance in binding and degrading the outer membrane protein of these bacteria. These peptides can be proposed as replacement antibiotics for the treatment of mastitis in the future.

Teucrium polium L. is a plant from the Lamiaceae family which is very important in Folk Medicine, however, its effects on fermentation characteristics are still unknown. In this experiment, the effect of hexane oil extracted of Teucrium polium L. by soxhlet device was investigated on some fermentation activities of ruminal microorganism (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi) with a balanced ration, in vitro. The hexane extract of Teucrium polium L. was added to a culture medium prepared from sheep's rumen fluid and artificial saliva (ratio of 1 to 2) with proportions of 0, 150, 300, and 450 ppm, and some fermentation parameters were finally measured. With an increase in the extract level from 0 to 450 ppm, NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) showed a significant increase (linear) compared to the control, but other parameters such as pH, gas production parameters (24 and 48 h gas, potential and constant rate of gas production), degradability of dry matter and organic matter were not differ. The partitioning factor (PF), microbial mass yield, and efficiency of microbial mass yield were lowest at 450 ppm. The overall results showed that the hexane extract of Teucrium polium L. was able to modify and improve some of the fermentation parameters in the culture medium (e.g. increase in ammonia nitrogen and TVFA. Also, the highest changes were observed at 450 ppm. It also seems that levels of less than 450 ppm are not able to significantly change the studied fermentation parameters compared to control.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes reproductive disorders by dysfunction of the endocrine glands. Due to the role of crocin in modulation of antioxidant defense system, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of crocin on hormones of pituitary-ovarian axis in type one diabetic rat’s model. In this experimental study, 28 wistar female rats were allocated into 4 equal groups. Groups of control, diabetic control and two treated diabetic group with crocin (concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg). The diabetes in diabetic control and treated diabetic groups was induced using an intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. Estrous cycle in rats was identical by sex hormones. Crocin was intraperitoneally injected into treated diabetic groups for 25 days. Saline solution was injected to the animals of control and diabetic control groups. At the end of treatment period, the serum levels of LH, FSH, estrogen and progesterone was measured by ELISA. The statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey tests. In comparison with diabetic control group, dose-dependent administration of crocin with concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg was significantly increased serum levels of LH, FSH, estrogen and progesterone (p<0.05). Based on results, crocin probably improves endocrine disorders in patients with diabetes by increases serum levels of LH, FSH, estrogen and progesterone.

This study was aimed to improve Parrot fish fitness, respecting antioxidant defense system and plasma biochemical parameters affected by starvation. 198 parrot fish (average weight 25.5±6.2 g and length 6.34± 0.43 cm) were randomly distributed in three different treatments, including control (basic diet), astaxanthin (diet enriched with 4g/kg astaxanthin) and astaxanthin-bile salt treatment (diet enriched with 4g/kg astaxanthin and 1200 mg/kg bile salt). The fish were fed for 90 days and then subjected to starvation for 7 days. Bleeding was done at the end of feeding period (before starvation stress) and after starvation phase and some plasma oxidative stress enzymes and blood biochemical parameters were analyzed. Results showed that feeding fish with astaxanthin alone, can reduce the levels of oxidative stress enzymes in fish in comparison to the control at the end of the feeding period while reduced levels of liver enzymes such as asparat aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were only observed in fish fed on diet enriched with astaxanthin-bile salt (P<0.05). Starvation caused significant elevation of plasma oxidative stress enzymes in the control group (P<0.05), while such changes were not observed in fish fed on astaxanthin and/or astaxanthin-bile salt treatments (P>0.05). In general, it can be concluded that starvation can cause plasma oxidative stress enzymes elevation, plasma total protein and liver enzymes reduction in parrot fish; nevertheless, by dietary astaxanthin supplementation alone or in combination with bile salt, the negative effects of starvation on parrot fish, at least for some physiological parameters, can minimized.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), same as panleukopenia, is one of the most fatal diseases in cats. This disease is observed in two forms: wet (effusive) and dry (noneffusive). This clinical report involves two cats with dry and wet forms of FIP with ocular signs.The ocular manifestation of this disease is usually alongside with the dry form. Chemosis, fibrinous discharges, congestion of the conjunctiva, bilateral glaucoma, retinal hemorrhage and finally blindness, were the symptoms of the first cat in this report. Due to the lack of paying attention to these symptoms, the infection was transmitted to the second cat which led to the wet form of disease. The definitive diagnosis of the wet form of FIP was confirmed with histopathology. Then, a chromatography experiment was performed in order to assess the main viral diseases in the first cat which was found to be positive for coronavirus. The ocular symptoms of FIP are often paid less attention, because they are similar to the other systemic diseases such as FeLV, FIV, toxoplasmosis and a number of fungal diseases.