فصلنامه مطالعات شهر ایرانی اسلامی
پیاپی 37 (پاییز 1398)

During different historical periods, a significant number of elements and components of the mosque, such as the minaret with different appearances and bodies, have been displayed and used in mosques and it seems that it has become an integral part of the mosque over time. Architects, researchers and scholars have expressed a variety of analyzes, theories and interpretations with different views on the position of the minaret in the architecture of mosques. However, there is no mention of the attitude of the Twelver Shiite jurisprudence regarding the position of the minaret in the architecture of mosques, and this issue is still facing ambiguous points. While the minaret has been used in mosques for centuries, some scholars consider single-minaret mosques as a symbol of Sunnis and mosques with two minarets as a symbol of the Shiite religion. This research tries to study the necessity of the minaret in the architecture of mosques in the attitude of Shiite jurisprudence. The rules of Shiite jurisprudence of the Twelve Imams are obtained through research in the Qur’an, Sunnah, consensus and reasoning. Since it is not possible to study all the sources mentioned in this research, studying the Qur’an and the consensus will be sufficient. The present research is fundamental in terms of subject matter and is considered qualitative from the perspective of research method. The data collection method of the research is through library and data analysis method is of content analysis type. The results of this study show the commonalities and differences in the attitude of the Qur’an and consensus on the necessity of requiring a minaret in mosques. According to the analysis, interpretation and elaboration of verses 17 and 18 of Surah Tawbah (Quran) and analyzing the content of the attitude of contemporary and non-contemporary (i.e. who are not at the same time as contemporary) authorities and jurists of the Shiite religion (consensus) regarding the necessity of minaret in the architecture of mosques, In general, it can be said that from the viewpoint of the Qur’an and non-contemporary jurists, the minaret does not have the necessary harmony with the architecture of mosques. In contemporary jurists’ attitude, there is nothing wrong with the minaret in mosques; but the minarets or tall minarets in the mosques are considered disapproved.

The layout and fabric of a city reflect the influence of beliefs and cultures of their inhabitants. Amongst Iranian ancient cities, the historical city of Yazd, thanks to its intact and less-affected old fabric, is an excellent arena for investigating such impact. According to the historical sources, Zoroastrians lived in nine (out of seventy seven) districts of Yazd in the Qajar era. Since Zoroastrians continue to live in these urban spaces to date, it has been tried in the present research to investigate the extent of influence of Zoroastrian’s religion on the formation of such spaces.This research, therefore, investigates the architectural elements with religious function in one of the main Zoroastrian districts in Yazd City, and the religious commandments that have influenced the formation of its space. To this end, a relatively well-preserved area i.e. the Dasturān district, is selected and its religious buildings were identified. The results of fieldworks combined with the findings of historical and religious texts, confirm that the religious spaces had a pivotal role in the formation of the fabric of Zoroastrian city.

The traditional Iranian bazaar, as a prototype of Islamic-Iranian art and architecture and rich cultural heritage, like other urban contexts, has not been immune to the consequences of developments resulting from modern life in its inner and outer realm. New structures are necessary to change and create for the survival of historical contexts, and in this regard, there must be attention paid to the concept of contextualism and its purpose in the historical context, based on the need to know and extract the language of the context, for structural integration in peripheral development. In order to investigate the inconsistency of infills in the historical context of the Iranian-Islamic city and critique of the existing contextualism, this research first explains the pattern language in the traditional market of Ardabil with a descriptive-analytical method and then based on the characteristics of the fractal model, uses the fractal analysis method as quantitative research method and the fractal dimension parameter as a correlation geometry and the criterion of proportionality between scaling and the number of scales, in order to measure the degree of visual integration between contemporary infills. The facade of five contemporary passages in the second-class region of Ardabil’s traditional bazaar is examined qualitatively through field observation based on the components of theoretical foundations of research, and for quantitative factual analysis, by box counting method and software Image-j Fractional analysis, the fractal dimension of each sample is calculated. Due to absence of facade in the nature of the traditional market, the documents related to the interior views of Ardabil market are prepared, calculated and finally the results are compared with each other. The findings suggest that the fractal dimension of the specimens, as a measure of integration, is in the range of less than 1.5; while the traditional market model has a fractal dimension above 1.5. Therefore, it is necessary to address the components of comprehensive scaling and distribution of scales, as fractal-like pattern language of historical context, instead of formalism in contemporary infill designs.

City is always dynamic and undergoing transformation. This dynamic in Islamic cities has been influenced by variety of exogenous and endogenous factors and has gotten complexity form. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the study of complexities of Islamic city spatial dynamics from the perspective of complexity theory and planning of these dynamics from the viewpoint of city as a complex system. Research Method in this paper is based on descriptiveanalytical method and data collection method, based on documentary and field method. The statistical sample of the research consists of 85 urban managers and municipal experts (working in region 12, its six districts and Districts 1 and 2 of region 11), who have been identified based on the Cochran’s formula. Using the Mactor method and software and selecting the central part of Tehran as the study area, the following results were obtained: First, in recent decades, various factors and processes have played a role in the spatial dynamics of Tehran (As an Islamic and Muslim city) and its central part ,as They introduce it as a complex system. Second, the diversity of space actors with different positions of divergence, convergence and competition in the spatial dynamics of the central part of Tehran indicates the diversity, complexity and variety of elements involved in urban planning in this area. That is, in the study and planning of the Islamic city, one cannot rely on a single factor such as modernism or globalization, and the diversity of space processes and actors must be studied in terms of complexity theory, and all plans in urban planning have to consider this diversity.

The rapid development of urbanization has had a significant impact on the old and historic nuclei of cities. In other words, these areas have become worn-out and inefficient urban structures compared to other areas of the city, and the most important factor influencing their abandonment is the economic factor which has caused these tissues to lag behind the development process and become the center of problems and failure.In this regard, the metropolis of Tehran is one of the major cities that, under the influence of the rapid development of urbanization, faces risks and disturbances in various dimensions in the old and historical nuclei.The manifestation of these disorders and challenges in the 10th district of Tehran, with a significant area of worn and dysfunctional urban fabric, is 52% more pronounced and more severe and directly or indirectly, it has involved citizens in a wide range of issues and problems. Therefore, this research is based on the process of a new approach to the intervention of the base location in urban dysfunctional and worn-out tissues namely urban sustainable regeneration (with an approach circle economy regeneration) through strategic planning, while analyzing the current situation, the position of the worn-out texture of Tehran’s 10th district in the economic field, pay to provide key strategies for the optimal use of potential facilities and capacities within the context and restore economic prosperity to the range of study tissue. The type of research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The technique used for data analysis is the integrated SWOT-AHP model.The results show that the worn and dysfunctional texture of the 10th district of Tehran in the economic field is facing many weaknesses in terms of internal environment and significant opportunities in terms of external environmen which in finally, by adopting adaptive strategies (revision), it is possible to make the most of the opportunities in the economic field by reducing the existing weaknesses.

The Historic fabrics of cities have particular importance with evidences of the life style of people and cultural and social values. Exhaustion and destruction caused by natural and human factors leads to the creation of empty fields in historical fabrics. In fact, with the exhaustion of historical textures and lack of living needs, the original inhabitants of these tissues are forced to migrate and provide further damage. This necessitates the design of a new structure in these fields in order to restore their formal and functional character. Undoubtedly, the construction of new buildings is one of the essential factors for meeting the needs of residents and improving their living standards. They can include new necessary modern functions or infrastructures to support the life of inhabitants of historic quarters. But if the appropriate approach is not adopted in this field, irreparable damage will be inflicted on the body of the historical texture and historical image of the city. Therefore, designing and constructing new buildings, in the light of the design principles, can contribute preserve the values of the historic urban areas. It can be an opportunity for development and physical and functional revitalization of historical texture. New buildings constructed in historical fabrics, are called ‘Infill’ and in this sense that they are constructed within the existing fabric and emerge in empty fields, certain principles must be respected in the design to avoid damages to fabric authenticity and values of adjacent buildings. Design new collections with a view to driving the development of these contexts will help to restore their social and economic dynamics. These complexes are called driver development buildings. This paper aims to propose and principles and strategies which leads to models of design of new buildings in the historical fabrics so that the buildings can contribute to a more dynamic historical context, causing their physical and functional renewal and are actually driving development. Of course, these instructions are not constant in all cases, but they are comprehensive and can be adapted to the specifics of the field and can be used in a variety of situations. The purpose is to explore how good design in historic fabric is achieved. There is not one correct answer or approach of course, but there are ways of thinking and working which increase the likelihood of success. In this regard, firstly, the definitions related to the topic, and ways to encourage development are expressed and then, with the introduction of general methods and rules for infill design, guidelines for designing a new structure and driving the development of historical fabric are expressed and finally factors that need to be considered in order to achieve this goal are presented in the diagram. The desired outcome is the high quality design of new buildings and spaces in historic fabrics by considering these guidelines.