کاوش نامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 38 (تابستان 1399)

The color is one of the most influential elements of poetry; the child poets by using imagery and symbolism of Color, paint the world for children, from their perspective, and they help their intellectual, spiritual and social development, .hence, this article explains the importance of color in illustrating the child poetry, it examined the frequency and function of the element of color in child poetry by Suleiman Isah and Mustafa Rahmandoust. The results show that green color is the most frequent color in the poetry of both poets, they use the softness and freshness of the green color, they use a positive attitude that induces growth, fertility, goodness and blessing for society, and the future of children. Both poets are aware that children, because of their joyful spirit, they prefer a variety of gauges that fit together well, they have used color combinations; this feature has a higher frequency in Rahmandoust poetry. Both poets use the colors correctly, and suitable for psychological analysis of colors. Their similar implications for the use of the color element are the signs of both poets' awareness of importance and purpose of child poetry and their special focus is on familiarizing children with ethical, and patriotic and national concepts and values.

Many efforts have been made to realize women's rights, in the works of women’s writers all around the world. Sometimes certain of these works been exaggerated, and occasionally they have been balanced and achieved good results. By examining the views, actions, language and literature of female heroes, this study seeks to find the aspects of similarity and difference in in these novels: “Suva Shun”, “Wandering Island” and “Wanderer Cameleer” by Simin Daneshvar and “Memoirs of a Woman Doctor” and “My Memories from Women's Prison” by Nawal El Saadawi based on feminist criticism. The purpose of this study is to reflect the similarities and differences between the two aforementioned Persian and Arab writers in order to find the cultural similarities and differences between the two authors. The selected novels of Nawal, were first translated and then based on American Comparative literature school have been compared with Simin's selected works. This descriptive-analytical study indicated that although both writers have reflected feminist views in their works, but Simin generally falls short of defending women's rights and identities in some cases, while Nawal is more radical.

Impressionism and Expressionism are two important artistic movements in the late 19th century and the early 20th century that could motivate some intellectuals in literature. Significant human issues, great industrial growth, war, exploitation, and thousands of other significant crises were the themes of great and lasting artistic works. Like other crisis-stricken countries of the century, Iran and the Middle East were involved with tensions and reverberations of these crises. Mehdi Akhavan Sales and Badr Shakir al-Sayyab are two representatives of Iranian and Iraqi artists who, keeping in line with other artists, depicted loneliness and isolation of human being in the tumultuous century and they fulfilled the dream of freedom through painting portraits that made up of words and fancy. In this article, considering the aura of the poems, their common grounds with some works of painting in the two artistic movements are discussed. The selected poems are classified according to their themes in terms of the two painting styles. This article seeks out the selection and representation of aestheticism of expressionist and impressionistic images. According to this research, Akhavan Sales and Badr Shakir al-Sayyab are practitioners of both artistic styles, but Sayyab’s images coming from imagination with all the trials and tribulations of his time that are inclined more to Impressionism while those of Akhavan Sales are inclined more to Expressionism. The reason lies in Shakir al-Sayyab’s consideration of his surrounding environment or his concrete attitudes and Akhavan’s inclination for history. Thus, there is a more ambiguous attitude in Akhavan’s poetic images.

Linguists like George Lakoff and Mark Johnson do not concider metaphor as a linguistic phenomenon, but as a perceptual and conceptual nature. In the poems of Anwar, some similar themes are found in the Motanabbi’s poetry. One of these themes is the presence and influence of the elements of nature especially four elements. The present study with a descriptive-analytic approach deals with a comparative study of the schematics of the metaphors of the four elements in Anwar and Motanabbi's poems. Conceptual metaphor examines the cause of similar claims which helps reader to look at the meaning of the poems with a more literary view. The result of this research is to achieve the reflection of the four elements especially in 60 times the Anvari poems and in 33 times the frequencies of the medium. Common central maps such as “forgiveness, mobility and displacement (displacement design), struggle, mobility and destruction”, have been used in the poetry of the two poets in the context of the four elements. There are contradictions in such drawings as “contentment, aberration, love, greed, patience, anger, life, and separation”. Their reflection and frequency are more in Anvari's poetry and show the poet's extroversion and his positive view of nature and the four elements.

The social critique of literature, which concerns with the literary works is the superstructure and the product of material infrastructure which considers the creative reflection of social reality as the distinguishing feature of literary work. Houshang Gholshiri, Iranian writer dedicated to Toudeh Party, as well as Badr Shaker al-Siyab, young Iraqi poet with tendencies towards the Communist party, have got numerous works that deserve to be investigated from the analytical lens of literary social criticism. First, we shall dedicate some space to a brief overview of social criticism of literature. Then, based upon the Russian comparative school and descriptive-analytical methodology, we shall embark upon analyzing Gholshiri's novel Raei’s Lost Lamb and Al-Sayab's poem "Haffar al-ghobour" from the perspective of literary social criticism. The results indicate that the author and the poet, regardless of the time-space distance and despite differences in personal views and tastes, due to the experience of the same conditions, rely on awakening and class awareness as solutions to the problems that have been proposed. Golshiri also uses the carnavalistic conversation and Siyab, relying on the different layers of modern poetry, in addition to criticizing the capitalist system and its manifestations; Colonialism and exploitation, for example, have caused the problems such as war, individual-social crises, poverty in the lower classes, and the internal tyranny of governments that have kept writers from promising bright futures.

Rural life has always had the distinctive features. These features have been more colorful in the past than they are today. Among these characteristics were the existence of two important and determining aspects of the master (owner and landlord) and the peasant. In the past, the master has played a crucial role in the life of the peasans, but today this relationship has largely diminished. The relationship between the two has always been of interest to writers in fiction, and Arabic and Persian fiction have not been excluded. Two Egyptian and Iranian writers, Najib Mahfouz, and Ahmad Mahmoud, in the stories of Al-Jabbar from the collection of stories “The World of God” and “Conflict” in the collection of stories “Pilgrims in the Rain”, have been studied as the oppression of the master on the peasant. This common theme has created common structural and content features between the two stories, and of course, there are differences between the two works due to the differences in the style of storytelling and the different cultural geographies of the two authors. In this paper, the similarities and differences between the two stories were discussed and analyzed. The general conclusion of this paper is that in these two stories, the structural aspects of both personality and narrative are influenced by the content of the Lord's relationship. Naturally, the stylistic independence of the two authors also gives rise to some differences between the two stories.

The translation of literary texts, especially poetry, is of great importance in the transmission of information and the exchange of cultures. However, it also has some difficulties. The translator of literary texts must have special conditions, the result of which is a precise and deep understanding of the source language and sufficient expert of the target language to convey the semantic concept of literary texts. Given that the main purpose of translating from one language to another is to find an equivalent to convey meaning and message from the first language to the second language, the authors decided to translate some of the verses of the fourth book of Masnavi into Arabic in an analytical descriptive, comparative way. The authors decided to compare the Arabic translations of Masnavi with its Persian text in a descriptive-analytical way, to criticize the field of words and phrases of the Arabic translation, and to determine the degree of success of the translator. The results of the study and analysis show that the criteria of accuracy of translation have not been observed in some cases in the Arabic translation of poems, and Ali Abbas Zolikheh has not been very successful in translating the semantic concept and the dominating spirit of Rumi's poems. The translator, while adhering too much to the word-toword translation and the source language, has distorted the meaning and concept of the Iranian poet.