نشریه زمین شناسی محیط زیست
پیاپی 47 (تابستان 1398)

The purpose of this research was the survey of irrigation systems management in the landscape in Abhar Township from the view of experts. The type of research is descriptive-correlation and analytical research that is done through survey method. Statistical population of research is engineers, experts and observers of the landscape that they are 65 persons that they collected by census method as the statistical population, because of a small and limited population. The main tool of this research is a questionnaire that its validity was confirmed by using the panel of experts and masters in the irrigation systems management field and its reliability is done through pre_test (Cronbach alpha= 0.8164). Research findings showed that irrigation systems management in the landscape is at a high level from the view of experts. This variable is obtained from compilating of design, implementation, operation, and maintenance irrigation systems management in the landscape. The results of the research shown that exist a significant positive correlation between management factor, the technical factor, the educational factor, the institutional and organizational factors and the economic factors with irrigation systems management in the landscape. The results of analysis regression are indicated to three variables, management factor, the technical factor, and the educational factor well explain for 64/0% changes in irrigation systems management in the landscape.

Since all mining projects are subjected to uncertainty, risk analysis of these projects is essential. It is also possible to know the exact amount of minable reserve, due to its location in the underground and the operating limitations, when the entire reserve is extracted. Therefore, the effective parameters in the technical and economic evaluation of mining projects are highly diverse and all of them are subject to wide variations with respect to the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of the data. This process is caused by causes beyond human control, and sometimes, no matter how much it costs, full information is not possible. Hence, in all mining projects, in calculating income and expenditure figures and therefore economic calculations, they have to take into account the margin of confidence and are required to calculate risk. It would make more logical to consider the probabilistic changes of effective parameters in the economic analysis of mining projects. And taking into account the least and most likely occurrence of each row. When one of the most important issues with uncertainty is the price of metal, then uncertainty in the ultimate pit limit determination is raised. Since metal price prediction is uncertain, chaos theory and fractal geometry can be used to predict metal price. In this study, chaos theory and fractal geometry have been used to estimate the metal price correctly, since the metal price changes follow fractal and chaotic behavior. Therefore, if a correct estimate of the metal price is obtained, the ultimate pit limit will be close to reality and based on that the optimal pit limit can be obtained, which according to the principles of sustainable development leads to the metal mining at a lower price and the ultimate pit limit is more sustainable and has better environmental protection.

Mashhad plain is located in a specific structural location and is affected by a group of active faults in north of the Binalood mountain, sothern margin of Kope-Dagh mountain and Bakharden – Quchan Fault System in west. Activity of these faults shaped the En echelon morphology of bedrock plain. Also function of active faults in quaternary period affected the thickness and expansion of alluvial sediments with high potential of water flow rate. Tous fault as an accessory branch of Kashafroud fault zone in North of the Mashhad plain, plays an important role in controlling the behavior of groundwater reservoir in this plain. Based on a combination of geoelectric profiles and instrumental excavation results, the Tous Fault is discovered as a subsidiary and leading fault, with the Fault-Propagation Folds mechanism developing without subsurface outcrop under a series of anticlines north of Mashhad plain.

The concentration of fluoride in the groundwater of Qalandar region around Ahar city is in the range of 0.3 to 5.5 mg / l. For about 78% of the samples, it is higher than the standard range of 1.5 mg / l In this study, some of the chemical properties that control the concentration of fluoride in the groundwater of the region are examined. For this purpose, after collecting twenty samples of groundwater from wells drilled in villages located around Ahar city, the amounts of sodium, potassium, carbonate ions, Bicarbonate, chlorine and fluorine; pH; The ratio of sodium adsorption (SAR) and total soluble solids in water samples was measured in the laboratory. The findings showed The groundwater of this region is alkaline (pH-8.4-8 / 4 = pH) and saline (3500-449 mg / l = total soluble solids). This chemical property reflects the high rate of evaporation. Groundwater is also highly saturated with calcium, which helps to remove calcium and bicarbonate from the solution. High fluoride concentrations in the region showed high correlation with high pH, ​​total soluble solids and high sodium absorption ratio. This indicates high levels of fluoride as a result of the high solubility of fluoride minerals in the region due to calcium depletion and high ionic strength. The release of fluoride from colloidal surfaces under high pH conditions The results of these findings are shown in other studies.

Revealing changes is one of the basic needs in managing and evaluating natural resources. Therefore, the map of user changes that is the result of the process of detecting changes can be made based on multivariate images of remote sensing. The purpose of this research is to classify the images of the Tajyar Dam in three years to find out the extent of change in land cover and land covered with vegetation. Remote sensing techniques are the best means for extracting land use maps. In this study land use changes in the Tajyar dam basin have been studied using the supervised classifications in Erdas software. The Tajyar Dam Basin with an area of 10898 ha is located in East Azarbaijan province and Sarab city. In the study area, two landslide satellite images from1996 and 2006 and 2015 were categorized. The results indicate that 2007 hectares of lands covered with vegetation have been reduced and added to dry lands. This change has been caused due to severe agricultural activities, plowing and unplanned grooves. The effect of cold air currents in the northwest of the country has caused the region to have a semi-arid climate of cold. Due to the aforementioned limitation and the state of consumption of agricultural products and the lack of attention to the ability of agricultural land, farming in areas that have no potential for doing this activity has reduced the quality of vegetation. The supervised classification in this method was carried out with an overall accuracy of 87%, which is acceptable at the level.

Estimation of discharge flow in basin due to impact on water resource management can have an important economic role.In this research several computationals intelligence techniques suchas:ANN,SVR and ANFIS have been used to prediction the runoff dez basin.correlation between stations was investigated and stations of kamandan,zoorabad and daretakht were eliminated due to small correlation with around stations.then due to lack of human intervention with using xlstat software were evaluated  trend of stations and were selected stations without trend.Inorder to evaluate the performance of  models were used correlation,RMSE and NSE.Results of this research showed that ANFISwith clustering approach gives better estimation than grid partitioning approach.ANN, ANFIS and SVR have agood ability to simulate the flow of dez basin.