پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 55 (تابستان 1398)

In this research, the political and religious confrontation of the Seljuk with the Nizārī Ismā'īlī has been studied between 498 and 511 AH. During the above period Sultan Muhammad managed to sort out the turmoil that occurred after the death of Malekshah Re-establish political and religious concentration in the Seljuk-dominated geography. On the one hand, the Nizārī Ismā'īlī from the vacuum and turmoil that had already taken place In the direction of developing their own power, they had taken extensive measures in different regions. Therefore, the repression of Nizari was considered the most important political and religious priority of Sultan Muhammad and In this regard, all the central and local capacities were used to conquer the Ismaili Castles. However, Nizarians suffered plenty of damage during frequent attacks al-Seljuk, and lost their castles in Fars, Khuzestan and especially Esfahan, which was in this period capital of the Seljuk period. But with the influence of the Seljuk government, adopting a decentralized approach, eliminating effective political and religious people, patience and Authority against siege of Castles, and launching religious debates during the struggle they were able to survive. If there were no significant achievements of the Ismailis that included the preservation of the political, geographic, and the protection of their intellectual and vital ideas, It was likely that the very strict atrocities in this period would have led to the dismantling of Nizari's organization and structure.

The cleanness, which was important from the ancient times to the Iranian people, became more and more necessary with the advent of Islam, and the baths found their place in the urban structure. The study of the history of baths relies on written documentation because the baths have been exposed to damage due to changing social conditions. Historical baths in Mashhad have a sharper situation. The Nasser period is a brilliant period in the construction of baths in Mashhad, which has been left with less than the baths. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to recognize the baths of Mashhad in the Naser Al-Din period based on texts and maps which is remaining from that time. In the present study, the historical method has been used to provide the necessary information through documentary and field studies. The sources of research include Matlaa-ol-Sams, Nofoos-e Arz-e Aghdas and the Julies map. The results show the difference in the number of bathrooms in the three documents. The reasons for the difference are the uncertainty surrounding the borders of the neighborhoods and the non-native of Julies and Etemad Al-Saltanah.

A number of places in Iran are given prominence due to their historical, geographical, and political backgrounds. One of them, Ghohestan, or the state of mountains, was known to be called Ghayenat in the Islamic era. It is, however, officially dubbed as Southern Khorasan (Khorasan Jonnubi). Ghohestan's strategic importance and its close proximity to the east and south of Iran with various tribes dwelling in it stimulated significance to the region through the passage of time in the historiography of Khorasan and Iran. Employing the popular humanistic research methods based on documentary and theoretical studies, the following paper aims to conduct a geographical survey on the region and shade light, however briefly, on the unknown aspects of its history. What is acquired from the findings is that Ghohestan sustained a strategic significance and witnessed and fostered a series of historical changes in the Islamic era due to its geographical coherence with the larger Khorasan, economic and cultural interstate exchanges, and political and ethnic characteristics. Even today, the area displays numerous strategic capabilities in confrontation with the issues of immigration, social and political challenges, and ethnic tensions which demand the attention of the governmental agencies.

The area of Guilan has long been the sanctuary of the Prophet's family (Peace be upon him), Sadat, and Alavian. Sadat and Alavian, because of Historical reasons and familiarity of people, The Prophet and Shiite family chose Guilan Zone to Continue Struggle with the Caliphate as their lodging and shelter. Hence, among the provinces of Iran, Land of Guilan in terms of The tombs of the Ahlul-Bayt family has a special place. One of the graves related to them, is the grave of Seyyed Jalaleddin Ashraf that In some contemporary texts, It was regarded to the son of Imam Musa Kazem (Peace be upon him) And in others, It was considered Zaidi Imams religion. This paper is a comparative study of contemporary reports, and the review of historical texts and field studies around the grave of Seyyed Jalaleddin Ashraf. It seems that for historical reasons this tomb can belong to Jalaleddin Hezaraspee or Jalal Al-Din Hassan Nomosalman.

Foreign traveler reports contain a wealth of information about customs, ethics, social behavior, and cultural practices. These personal or political notes, on the one hand, illustrate the urban issues in part and in a rather precise manner. On the other hand, because of the lack of dependence on power centers, the weaknesses and strengths of the community and the city are reported to Nikki. Tehran is one of the cities that foreign tourists of the Qajar period paid special attention to. In fact, the capital of Tehran during the Qajar period has flooded the tourists, despite the fact that there are few reports of this place in Islamic sources, and in particular the Safavid period. In travelogues, sometimes the people of Tehran are characterized by accepted patterns such as intelligence and hospitality, and sometimes described with malicious patterns such as lying, flattering, and superstition. The present study aims to draw a descriptive-analytical method using library resources, ethics, social behaviors and cultural practices of Tehran's people from the perspective of tourists and travel writers of the Qajar era.

Iranian workers, who were always advocates of freedom and independence, suffered from the Qajar dynasty for years before the October Revolution in Russia. After the victory of the Constitutional Revolution, the formation of labor unions and the attention of the Pahlavi era contributed to their better conditions. At the beginning of Iran's industrialization, due to the need of more workforce, the wages of workers increased, and the government, with increased incomes, had many plans for this stratum. The entry of the workers into the Islamic Revolution of Iran, despite the granting of some economic and welfare benefits of the ruling regime, is one of the most important issues because it reflects the failure of the Shah's policies to gain support from the workers. So that, the unity of the workers, along with their trade unions, to the revolution, especially the wave of strikes, illustrated their important role in the revolution. 

Fars was the most important province in Iran that was considered at the time of the second Caliph Omar ibn Khattab and was attacked on both sides of Bahrain and Basra. The five Fars regions conquered by the Muslims gradually. Islamic resources report different years for the conquests and the name of the conquerors of the Fars regions. It represents the insurrections of the inhabitants of these regions after each conquest. The purpose of this research is Study of conquest process in Fars and different reports among Islamic writers in the conquest years and the name of the conquerors of the Fars in the Rashidun caliphs' era. The research question is: What reasons is there for the different reports in the year of conquest and the names of the victors of these furnaces from the time of the second caliph to the end of the Rashidin caliphate? Research methodology is descriptive-analytical. this result was obtained that to the collapse of the Sassanian Empire, change the internal structure of government and disorder and the collapse of government, heavy tribute (Bāj) and tax (Kharāj), misbehavior of caliphate agents in five Fars regions, cruelty and brutality of some conquerors in conquering regions, also internal disagreements among Muslim Arabs, and tribal rivalries to achieve more power, they caused to rebel the people of Fars. They were suppressed by different commanders and conquerors in different years. So, they were registered different reports about the conquest years and the name of the conquerors in the resources.

The realities are based on the community. The political regime requires a transition from the three stages of externalization, objectification, and internalization to becoming reality. In political history of Iran, the familiarity of Iranians with the European political systems, especially after the Constitutional Revolution, was the beginning of the idea of ​​reforming and changing the political system among the Iranian elites. After the victory of constitutionalism in Iran and its subsequent developments, the "Republican rapture" erupted at an amazing pace. Most researches have interpreted this incident, a group political tool against the governing board, and have been less concerned with explaining and analyzing it than an epistemological view. From this point of view, although the Iranian intellectual elites erred their mental acts about different forms of government, especially the republic, and later the Republic as a political regime was blamed for a group of political actors but could not go beyond the stage of extermination. The present study uses an analytical-descriptive method and the application of the Burger model to answer this question, what were the reasons for the failure of Republicanism? The hypothesis of the present study is that the republic did not reach an agreement between intellectuals between the intellectual and political elites and was not created as a social reality, because chaos, insecurity, living experience and lack of work of constitutional institutions prevented an agreement between the elites of Iran for The Republic's transition from the stage of extrusion to the stages of objectification and internalisation.