مجله پژوهشهای محیط زیست
سال دهم شماره 20 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

In strategic spatial planning and regional planning studies, formulation of strategies, policies as well as Division of labor between country regions based on a set of economic, social, cultural and ecological potential aspects, is the most important goals. For this reason, territorial zoning will be considered as a one of the central issues of zoning areas in spatial planning and regional planning. Therefore, during the past few decades and along with the raising the strategic spatial planning topic and national division of labor based on territorial zoning, always in the spotlight of spatial planners in the country. Unfortunately, despite the passage of many years of regional and spatial planning in the country, and raising the topics of zoning in the country, according to economic, social, political and ecological aspects, these zoning have not been operated and still continue the types of zoning have been done with political attitudes and in the division of the province. This paper classified as qualitative research that with use of content analysis method and documentary and library study tools, has been proceed to study and analyze the requirements of the territorial zoning in the country and the background of this issue in the country planning system history. On the basis of this study, while pointing out the importance and necessity of territorial zoning in the country, in summary, the types of territorial zoning has been mentioned in country, and after explaining the obstacles ahead of territorial zoning in the country, has been concerned to provide new ways of territorial zoning in the country.

Flood is one of the natural disasters in mountainous area. Recognition of susceptible areas for happening flood is also one of the main steps in natural resources management and development planning. Aghlaghan chay watershed due to the existing condition in the area, such as topography and continental issues, is very susceptible for flood formation which causes happing so many damages to rural habitation, farms and ways of communication. The occurring of this phenomenone with increase erosion of soil and loss of valuable resources of it, causes to increase in filling the cistern of Yamchi Dam. Therefore, the purpose of this study is area paitition of the area interms of potential of the flood happening. In this study, first whit field investigation and studying of resources, nine factors are recognized as the effective factors for making and happening flood. These factors are: slope, aspect, lithology, elevation, rainfall, temperature, landuse, distance from drainage and use of soil. Then informational layers are provided in Geographical Information System (GIS). Valuation and standardization of maps are conjoined with the use of the Fuzzy method. For overall weight factor, we used (ANP) models. Finally, the obtained map is classified in five categories from very low to very high risk. According to the results, the factors like: Slope, lithology and soil have the most effect on happening flood in Aghlaghan chay basin. Also According to the catchment map, risk of happening flood exists respectively from 18 and 22 percent of the area of watershed from very high risk class to high risk class. All in all, the results of the study show that the Aghlaghan chay basin has very high potential in terms of happening flood, so accomplishment of conservation, watershed and management works and steps in the area of study is important and necessary.

Planning and selection suitable industrial zones locations for safe and sustainable use of land are as the basis for land use planning and approach to sustainable development. Therefore, considering these location and geographical positions with environmental characterize that determine distribution and regional balance and maximum use of environment capabilities could mitigate degradation impact of industries on environment. In this study, to assess conformity of industrial in Ardabil province, Fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision Making model and to improve development and land use planning, 16 criteria such as topography, slope, residential areas, road access, airport access, surface water, groundwater deep, current land use, geology, fault, vegetation, electrical facilities, soil, protected areas, distance from wells, vegetation density was used. FDANP hybrid model developed to locate areas of industrial in Ardabil province. The modeling results indicate importance of river criteria and then land use in industrial areas. Verify conformity of current industries in region with suitable area in Ardabil province indicates that only 3 percent of areas in region are matched on land use planning and spatial planning approach and 97 percent in areas are in unsuitable for industrial development. Therefore, the principles of land use planning and sustainable development be considered in industrial planning on region in future to proper operation of optimal space and reduce impact agents on environmental, until the most optimal mode of all environmental, economic social and sustainable development be ensured.

After the Industrial Revolution, many environmental problems arose with the increasing population of cities and the formation of millions of cities. So that various approaches to preserving the urban environment such as Garden City, Green Town, Ecological City and Sustainable Urban Development, have been proposed in urban planning literature, which can be considered as the basis for the emergence of Livable cities. Nowadays, it is important to have the characteristics of livability in cities in order to achieve sustainable development in the community. Therefore, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical approach using Interpretive Structure Modeling to determine the effective indicators on the livability of Tabriz metropolis Identify, level, and eventually provide a suitable model for Tabriz Metropolis. At first, the indices needed for research were identified by using content analysis, Delphi method and interview with experts in 3 dimensions and 13 indicators. In the next step, using Interpretive Structure Modeling (ISM), the status of indicators and leveling they were completed and finally, using the Mic Mac technique, the types of indicators were identified in the form of four types of independent, affiliate, linkage and key indicators. The results of the research indicate that the five indicators: the fair distribution of infrastructure and services, sustainable employment, the development of public and sustainable transport, increased individual and social security and the development of general education as key indicators play a very important role in the status of livability  metropolitan  of Tabriz. Also, the most important dimensions affecting the livability of Tabriz metropolitan are economic, social and environmental.

The development and enhancement of the environmental standards and performances of a community depend on its economic, social and political development. The current research aims to examine this hypothesis and investigate the most significant factors affecting the Environmental Performance Index (EPI). Methodologically, this research is carried out based on the secondary analysis of global data gathered between the years 2006 and 2016. The EPI in Iran has the second rank after the OECD countries, and has had a better performance compared to the Middle East countries and the Global Average. The OECD countries have the first rank in all the development indexes, as well as the EPI. Iran, on the other hand, ranks below the OECD countries and above the Middle East ones and the Global Average in the education, income, health, and population growth rate indexes. In indexes such as the usage of ICTs, gender equality and democracy it ranks below the Middle East countries and the Global Average. The research indicates the influence of economic development indexes (e.g. the income), social development indexes (e.g. the education, gender equality, population growth rate, health status and usage of ICTs), and political development indexes (e.g. democracy index) on the EPI.

The main economic feature of this study is the creation of pollution in the process of economic growth and its negative impact on community welfare. This article analyzes the welfare loss of pollution resulting from production in Iranian economy using an augmented growth model and designing an economic-ecological system dynamics model. The aim of this study is to investigate the transfer of clean technology and environmental preferences of producers and consumers to pollution emissions and its impact on environmental quality and community welfare. In order to analyze the pattern, elements include functions, production, physical and human capital, accumulation of pollution, income distribution, and initial conditions, consumer utility and welfare. Regarding 2011 as a base year, the time path of per capita pollution and related welfare loss are simulated for the Iranian economy over the 20-year time horizon. in this research , welfare has been simulated in different scenarios including the diffusion of clean technology, preferences of producers and consumers. The results indicate that the amount of pollution emissions diffusion and welfare losses in economic activities increases with the increase in production and simulation results also confirm the trend. The simulation results indicate that with persistence of the status quo, pollution, emission pollution and its welfare loss rise with positive rate. The results show that by implementing the scenario of increasing the parameters of clean technology diffusion and environmental preferences of producers and consumers have an adverse effect on the rate of pollution and pollution emissions and welfare damages. By implementing the clean technology diffusion transfer scenario to 45% of the amount of pollution and the welfare damage due to it in 2031, will decrease by 60 % and 0.01 % , respectively. By implementing the scenario of environmental preferences of producers in the amount of 2 values of pollution, and welfare damages in 2031 will be reduced to 64.07 and 0.01 percent, respectively. Finally, by implementing the scenario of environmental preferences of consumers, the welfare damage caused by pollution in 1410 will be reduced to 0.02 percent.

The purpose of this research is investigation of the heavy metals pollution in PM10 aerosols in atmosphere in city of Kermanshah. The concentrations of thirteen elements consisting of Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Se, Zn, Fe, Cr, Co, As, Mo, V were analyzed by ICP for 55 soil samples (in various point of the height of 600-1600m) and 41 aerosols samples. The heavy metals pollution have been investigated using geo- accumulation index, contamination factor, enrichment factor, factor analysis. The results obtained from this studying, showed that elements of Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Se, Co, As, V have low pollution, elements of Fe, Cr have medium pollution, element of Zn has high pollution, element of Mo has very high pollution. Based on results of enrichment factor, Zn is the most enriched element. Mo have located after Zn. These elements have high EF-values. This indicates that they are probably dependent on non-soil sources such as vehicle exhaust. Enrichment Factor for Cu, Pb, Ca, Ni, V and Cr are in the range of 1 to 10. This implies that these elements were influenced not only by crust, but also by other pollution sources. Enrichment Factor of other elements (selenium, arsenic, cobalt) are less than 0.1. This indicates that these elements have originated from the crust. Based on results of enrichment factor and factor analysis, these elements have anthropogenic source that emissions of vehicle and industry-oil burning emissions have the main role in emission to atmosphere.

The role of trees in reducing the amount of heavy metals in the air and thus reducing the environmental risks cannot be denied. In the present study, distribution of cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc metals was investigated in leaf and skin of Plane tree, Ash and Eldarica pine in urban parks of Hamadan. For this purpose, in the different parks of Hamadan, samples were taken from the skin and leaves of the trees. After transferring the samples to the laboratory and digesting them, the concentration of metals was measured by atomic absorption. Comparison of the concentration of heavy metals in the leaves and the skin of the tree species showed that the Plane trees have a higher ability to absorb of heavy metals than the Ash and Eldarica pine trees. The zinc concentration in the skin and the leaves of the trees was higher than the concentrations of other elements. Comparison of the concentrations of the elements in the skin and the leaves of the trees with global standards showed that the concentration of cadmium in the skin and leaves of trees was higher than the standard limit and the concentration of nickel in the skin of the two Plane tree and Ash species was higher than the standard limit Which indicates the pollution of the urban environment. Correlation between the concentration of heavy elements in the skin and the leaves of the trees showed that there was a significant positive correlation between cadmium concentrations in leaves and skin of Plane tree and Eldarica pine trees (P <0.05). In general, the comparison of heavy metal concentrations in the leaf and skin of the tree species showed that Plant tree and Ash were very effective in absorbing heavy metals from their surroundings than Eldarica pine.

It is very important to study the concentration of heavy metals in plant species grown in agricultural soils because of the possibility of heavy metals accumulation. Gundelia tournefortii is one of the edible species used in different parts of the country that has the potential for growth in agricultural lands. In addition, the using of plants with high accumulation ability is one of the most effective methods for clearing up the soils contaminated with heavy metals. Accordingly, the present study examined the potential of Gundelia tournefortii as a heavy metal adsorbent in agricultural and non-agricultural lands. For this purpose, 4 stations in agricultural areas and 2 stations in non-agricultural areas (control) were selected. At each of these stations, three plant samples were completely removed from the root and surrounding soil were also collected. After preparation and digestion of samples, the concentrations of heavy metals such as chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, manganese and iron were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. For each plant, bioconcentration and transfer factors were calculated. According to the results, Gundelia tournefortii is recognized as hyper accumulator for zinc, manganese, copper, and nickel and medium accumulator for chromium and iron. Also the findings showed significant differences between heavy metals concentrations in the agricultural and non agricultural areas for soil, shoot and root biomass (p <0.05). Therefore, the consumption of plants grown in agricultural lands is more risky due to the higher concentrations of heavy metals. Considering the accumulation of heavy metals based on the transfer and accumulation factors in this species, it can be proposed to remediate heavy metals contaminated areas.

This study was carried out to determine the amount of heavy metals arsenic, lead and cadmium in water and sediments of Nasseri wetland of Khuzestan province in 2014-2015. Sampling was done in three parts of north, central and south in winter and summer with three replications using standard methods. Arsenic and lead levels in Nasseri wetland were higher in summer than in winter, but cadmium concentrations were lower in summer. The concentration of cadmium and lead in wetland sediments was also higher in summer than in winter, but arsenic content in sediments was lower in summer. The levels of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in the Nasseri wetland were lower than the permissible national standard of Iran and international standards such as the US Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization. The results of the contamination factor calculation showed that arsenic, lead and cadmium metals were classified as low, moderate and severely contaminated, respectively. The degree of contamination of the studied metals also showed that the contamination of Nasseri wetland sediments was moderate. As the pollution load index values were higher than 1, so this index also indicates contamination of Nasseri wetland sediments with cadmium, lead and arsenic metals. In terms of the enrichment factor of arsenic and lead metals in the low class and high cadmium was obtained, in other words, cadmium metal was of human origin, but arsenic and lead metals were enriched and of natural origin. Preventing and preventing the entry of any pollutants, especially heavy metals, into the Nasserian wetland can be achieved by developing appropriate treatment systems for the wastewater treatment plants.

Using herbal and natural substances for treatment of drinkable water has been common in many developing countries. The present study aimed to investigate the efficiency of pistachio green hull coagulant on water and wastewater treatment processes. All experiments related to coagulation were done by Jar Test set. The water was contaminated artificially and kaolinite was used to create turbidity. In the present study, the effect of parameters such as pH, concentration of coagulant and primary turbidity on coagulation process and sedimentation of pistachio green hull was investigated. Results indicated that this coagulant, with the concentration of 50 mg/l, can reduce water turbidity most efficiently in pH=5 and primary turbidity of 300 NTU. Pistachio green hull has the best performance in coagulation process with 88% efficiency in the optimal condition. It has been suggested that pistachio green hull can be used as a natural coagulant-aid along with other chemical coagulants to reduce water/wastewater turbidity and also costs accordingly.                 Keywords:

The purpose of this applied research is to design a model of environmental character education components. Character education is an endeavor to do the best for nature. 11 discovered main categories from the qualitative section of the research, and the initial likert scale questionnaire containing 130 items was prepared. Its face and content validity was verified by three consecutive delphis, and the final questionnaire containing 76 items was distributed among 384 secondary school students from the North-West of the country, who were selected through multistage cluster random sampling. 0.89 Cronbach’s alpha was showing the reliability of the research tool. The value of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO)=0/85 and the significance of the bartlett test of sphericity showed the suitability of sampling. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that factorial load of all components were significant at the level of 0.01. The T-value for all components was greater than 1.96, which indicated a significant relationship between each components with environmental character education. Also, the fitting indexes standard root mean residual (RMSE) =0/056 and goodness of fit index (GFI) =0/95 represents an excellent fit of the model.

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a supportive and important tool for sustainable development. A tool that easily establishes the relationship between the economy, society, health and the environment and plays an important role in advancing sustainable development goals. One of the factors that can be effective in performing a proper environmental impact assessment is its proper training. In EIA, the concept of training is a combination of information transmission, knowledge, and most often goal-based skills, legal requirements, procedures, approaches, and process-related tools. Since EIA has found its legal place in policy making of countries, its training has also been required to develop the users' software and the formal skills. In Iran, EIA training has a history of more than thirty years. Today there may be a greater need for EIA training through new technologies. Training in knowledge web format combines knowledge and technology together to respond to users' needs well and in an up-to-date manner. This paper presents the Knowledge Network using an ontology model for EIA in Iran. The upper ontology classifies the concepts and communications in the process of preparing and implementing EIA, and the lower ontology introduces a variety of Multimedia Objects (MMOs) by developing appropriate training scenarios. This ontology can be transformed into a computer language and gives users access to a variety of concepts in the field of environmental impact assessment in a semantic web format. The ontology- based knowledge network for EIA is a solution for the existing needs and deficiencies in the system of EIA education. It creates coordination between trainings. And according to the development of virtual education in different aspects in Iran, it can update and complete with MMOs. The ontology of EIA can be modified, refined and developed and also be integrated with other ontologies in common.
 
 
 
 
 
Key Words:

Nowadays, Desertification is one of the greatest environmental challenges. It is a global issue & its serious consequences affect on biodiversity, environmental safety, poverty eradication, economic & social stability & sustainable development around the world. Therefore, the most appropriate way to determine the extent of desertification risk is using experimental models. In this study to investigate the desertification multi attribute utility theory model was used. For this aim, required data layers were provided in ArcView environment. Then work units were separated using geomorphology method. By determining the effective index, the index values were determined in each works unit & the value of the indices to one another was determined by Shannon entropy method. In continues with calculating the equation of indices utility in work units, multi-attribute utility function or utility coefficient was estimated. Finally, the results were presented as evaluation map. The results showed that 0.42 & 8.92 percent of total study area are classified in very high & high class of desertification, respectively, & moderate desertification (81.74 percent) has the most share of desertification in the study area. Based on all factors, desertification utility index values for the entire region with value of 0.8677 was classified in moderate class. The results of this research provide the possibility of planning to minimize the effects of desertification in development projects, & can create conditions that the balance between development & environment projects be possible according to the priorities & vulnerability mapping of the study area.

Since environmental disasters root in our planetary components with increasing environmental pollutants, the encouragement of environmental friendly behaviors is of particular importance. This research examined some factors influencing pro-environmental travel intentions among the groups of people who had an experience of traveling in the first half of 1396, by adopting "Value-Belief-Norm" theory and merging it with "expectancy". Given that the current research is carried out in the Iranian-Islamic society, and because it is important that the concepts also indicate the status of society, religious values were added to the values of the VBN theory. The statistical population was 1,921,865 people who have started their travels from Rasht, Anzali and Lahijan, and 384 people were determined as the samaple by using the Cochran formula. 400 questionnaires were distributed and eventually considering the distorted results, 391 of them were used in data analysis. The structural equation modeling with partial least squares were used to analyze data of present study.all the research hypotheses were supported, except for the no. 3. results indicate that 3 values of ecosystem (biospheric), altruistic and religion have a positive effect on the new ecological paradigm, and as a result, the new ecological paradigm has an influence on awareness of consequences and valence-which is the first concept in the expectation theory. the effects of expectation theory variables (valence, instrumentality and expectancy) were also supported in the order indicated. in addition, the positive effect of awareness of consequences on the instrumentality and ascription of responsibility, ascription of responsibility on expectancy and pro-environmental personal norm, and pro-environmental personal norm and expectancy on the intention to behave pro- environmentally while traveling was proven.

Golestan National Park as a unique region due to its special topography and its climate conditions has a special quality. Panthera pardus saxicolor is one of the flag’s species of the region, which is in the category of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in the endangered class. The most important factor in reducing the population of this species is the destruction of its habitats. Therefore, recognizing the factors affecting the suitability of Panthera pardus habitat as an efficient tool, can help managers to manage and conserve the remaining habitats and select new spots. In this study, firstly, the most desirable locations for the Panthera Pardus saxicolor habitat were used. Four different patches were selected as optimum patches using the multi-criteria evaluation model. Then, electric circuit theory was used to investigate the connectivity between the Panthera pardus saxicolor habitat of these patches. Based on flow maps, the pattern of movement and functional connectivity were identified for the target species as well as the connectional area in the study area. three habitat patches along with a communication path between them from the northwest of the national park to the south-east of the park in the central area were proposed as the best corridor for the Panthera pardus saxicolor species. Although the electrical circuit theory is relatively new, it has shown that it can be very useful in modeling the corridor design on the landscape.

Reports on the monitoring of rangelands of the country indicate that the variety of rangelands habitats is declining. In order to restore these ecosystems, it is necessary to study the desirability of habitats for rangeland species and to determine the most important environmental factors affecting their distribution. Hence, the desirability of mountainous habitats of Urmia for the species of Verbascum stachydiforme L. was considered as a valuable medicinal plant using the ecological niche factor analysis model (ENFA). Ecological niche factor analysis is a multivariate analysis method for studying the geographic distribution of species in the scale of presence data as an associated variable and environmental factors as an independent variable. For this purpose, the spatial data of the presence of the Verbascum stachydiforme (actual area) was recorded with GPS and the environmental factors (climate, topography and earth) related to the habitat were measured. By introducing climatological, topographic and earthy information layers and the map of the presence of species into the biomaper software, a potential habitat map was created. The results showed that of 2,220 hectares of studied habitats, 480 hectares (21.6%) are the potential habitat for Verbascum stachydiforme species. In this regard, the accuracy of the model based on the Boys Index and the use of the Medium Algorithm was evaluated 99%. Also, the compliance rate of the map prepared with the actual map of cover, according to Kappa coefficient, was 0.91. The results of this research can be used to identify areas susceptible to range improvments.

Diversity has experienced a sharp decline over the past 60 years compared to any time in human history. Reducing biodiversity is associated with the degradation of ecosystems, which in turn affects human well-being through the lack of ecosystem service benefits that ecosystems provide. Ecosystems contribute to the conservation of biodiversity at various levels of diversity through the provision of habitat services. The results showed that the lands of garden, agronomic and residential lands were 64%, 6% trench rangelands and 6% reduction of ors and 6%. And semi- dense rangelands of 15% and semi-dense ors 1% increased. The results showed that the lands of garden, agronomic and residential lands were 64%, 6% trench rangelands and 6% ors was Decreased. And semi-condensing rangelands, 15% and semi-dense ors 1% increased. The results showed that the quality of habitat has dropped by about 12,000 hectares over the past 30 years, in other words, the areas covered by quality habitats dropped from 36.98 to 25.25 percent. The results showed that the quality of habitat has dropped by about 12,000 hectares over the past 30 years, in other words, the areas covered by quality habitats dropped from 36.98 to 25.25 percent and 29253 ha of the region (about 26%) had a moderate scarcity index and2405 ha of the region (2.2%) with a high scarcity index, which required the further protection of the habitats of this area. Based on the findings of this study, the most important factors affecting the habitat services and as a result of the wildlife of this region Can be expressed factors such as habitat destruction, unauthorized hunting, cattle grazing, corral, The presence of flock dogs and recent droughts.

Increasing urban population growth, industrialization and climate change have led to environmental pollution and therefore attracted attention of city managers and planners to green space, due to its key role in reducing pollution and climate effects. In this study, using remote sensing, geographic information system and field works, the quantity and quality of urban green space in a district one of Shahrekord municipality has been investigated. QuickBird satellite images with high spatial resolution were used to calculate per capita green space and the distribution of green spaces in the concerned municipal district of Shahrekord city. To discriminate different land uses in the study area, image classification was performed using NDVI index and maximum likelihood algorithm. To assess the accuracy of the classification results, the ground truth map was prepared using field works and recording of ground points by GPS. Based on the error matrix, the overall accuracy of 91% and kappa coefficient of 0.85 were obtained. The total per capita green space (public and non-public green spaces) and per capita park for each person was 13.87 and 12.18 square meters respectively. Moreover, the results showed that the distribution of green spaces does not follow a specific pattern, but distributed equally and fairly throughout the region. Finally, with the recognition of empty spaces without any residential applications, suitable places for green spaces establishment and compensating for the lack of per capita park were proposed.

In studies of surface and underground water resources management, contamination and their spread are very important issues in areas affected by the source of contamination. One of the environmental impacts of land-used change is its direct impact on surface water quality; therefore, it is investigated that how would landscape characteristics and land-use patterns could affect water quality and ecosystem management. In this regard, the effects of six land use including forest and gardens, agriculture and pasture, urban and village, water, sea, vegetation and surface water withdrawal were identified to examine how landscape influence water quality parameters in Anzali wetland (one of the most important wetlands in Iran). Landscape metric of this study were included number of Patches, Edge Density, Percentage of landscape, Total Edge, Patch Density, Class Area and Largest Patch Index and water quality parameters including COD, NO3, COD, P, BOD5. The processing of satellite images was done in the IDRISI and the calculation of related measures using Fragstates software. In this study was at the period of 28 years (1983-2011). The results indicated that water quality was significantly correlated with both proportions and configuration of agriculture and pasture areas. Total edge of Agriculture and pasture area had negative effects on water quality, especially on NO3 and BOD5. In general, the results of the changes in the measured parameters indicated destruction and degradation of the landscape of International Anzali Wetland.

Economic growth along with increasing environmental quality is one of the desires of every economy. Although the development of the industrial sector has always been an effective solution to increase economic growth, it has a high coefficient of producing of pollution. The study examines the spatial effect of industrialization on CO2 emission in Iran’s province by using spatial econometric approach over 2006-2014. The evidence shows that there is a positive spatial effect of CO2 emission between provinces. Also, industrialization, urbanization and population density have a significant positive effect on CO2 emissions, And the spatial effects of industrialization and urbanization are 0.104 and 0.23 respectively. But economic growth has a non-significant effect on the emission of CO2, which reflects the importance of less energy-intensive sectors in development. Therefore, allocation of credits in accordance with the direct and indirect benefits of reducing pollution, paying attention to the potential of less energy-intensive sectors in creating economic development, improving the technology of the manufacturing sector and increasing the quality of public transport system can be considered as effective policies to reduce emissions.

Design for Sustainable Behaviors is a new field of research that aims to reduce the social and environmental consequences of buildings in their life cycles, through changing users’ habits and forcing them to improve their behaviors in different ways. A large part of these consequences is related to energy consumption in buildings. Among the proposed theories in this area, it seems that less attention has been paid to different cultural contexts and the barriers of design methods in shaping behavior to reduce energy consumption. The purpose of this study is to investigate how architectural design affects behavior to reduce energy consumption. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that architectural design can reduce energy consumption and realize sustainable behavior through overcoming inappropriate utilization culture and behavior transforming. A survey was conducted in this mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative), Correlation type, and Structural equation modeling study. Shiraz residents in February 2017 were determined as the statistical population. 385 people were determined as the sample size based on the Cochran formula, and by the Non-Probability sampling method. The correlation of variables was assessed, and the hypotheses were proved using statistical software SPSS16 and AMOS22, after confirmation of Face validity, content validity, construct validity and reliability of the researcher-made questionnaire. The results prove the impact of culture, architecture, and behavior on energy consumption. Finally, in addition to introducing culture as a barrier to designing in shaping behavior to reduce energy consumption, the necessity of environmental modification in a way that leads users toward the desired direction, was emphasized.

This study was conducted to analyze the effects of Sahand Dams on the sustainability of agroecosystems in Hashtrod- East Azerbaijan basin, Iran. This study used an impact evaluation with ecosystem services approach to explore the effects of Sahand dam agroecosystems. In this line, building Sahand dam was considered as a diving force and its effects were scrutinized on the functions, properties as well as human welfare and livelihood. A total of 112 farmers were sampled who were settled in upstream and downstream, randomly. The principal component analysis was used to identify the impact factors of Sahand dam, explored several factors, including the protection of water and soil resources, agricultural productivity, the enhancement of social position and livelihood, enhancement of cultural capital, and quality of life, tourism and employment development as well as sturactural changes. According to ecosystem management approach, it was concluded that the Sahand Dam through strengthening ecological potential and capacity contribute to flourishing livelihood and community welfare. However, due to ignorance of the integrity of agricultural landscape upstream settlements face inequity in terms of income and resources. In this regard, human capacity building and the enforcement of new law for establishment of ecosystem approach in management emphasis on payment for ecosystem services e.g. water quality and quantity trading recommended.
                                
 
 
 
Key words: