مجله محیط زیست و توسعه فرابخشی
پیاپی 66 (زمستان 1398)

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of citizenship education on social responsibility, social skills and environmental skills of Bojnourd municipality employees in 2018. The present study is an applied research and the method is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test and control group design. The statistical population is all 810 employees working in Bojnourd municipality and 60 employees were selected through simple random sampling. They were divided into two groups of 30 people, experimental and control group. Then, pretest was taken from both groups, and after 12 sessions of citizenship education for the experimental group, post-test was taken from both groups. For collecting pre-test and post-test data, Matson's social skills (1983), Imamqoli environmental behavior (2011) and accountability subscale NEO's five personality traits (1985) questionnaires were used. The validity of the questionnaires was of a formal and content type approved by the professors and experts. The reliability of Matson's social skills questionnaire was 0.859, the environmental behavior questionnaire 0.899 and the NEO fivepersonality trait questionnaire was 0.821. To analyze the collected data, descriptive statistics (frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (confirmatory factor analysis) and SPSS 22 and PLS 3 software were used. Comparison of pre-test and post-test in the control group showed that there was no significant change in the data. By comparing the pre-test and post-test in the experimental group, the change of each factor was determined that all three variables had a more factor load in the post-test state. According to the results of factor analysis in the post-test stage on the experimental group, citizenship education had the greatest impact on social responsibility.

Expand the usage of Internet and consequently reducing the digital divide between developing and developed countries, shows the study of effect this variable on the energy consumption and air pollution in developing countries is important. In this regard, the main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of the Internet's influence on energy consumption and CO2 emission in Iran Using time series data 1995-2016. The results using co-integration five-step Johansson (1992) method showed a positive impact of Internet on the per capita energy consumption in the long term. A one percent increase in the number of Internet users (per 100 people), in the long run, increase the per capita energy consumption in Iran by 0.19 percent. Accordingly, the move to the policies and programs that take advantage of the Internet to reduce energy consumption in the country is essential. Also, the long-term impact of the Internet on air pollution is positive, but it is negligible. So that a one percent increase in the number of Internet users (per 100 people), in the long run, increase the level of CO2 emissions in the country by about 0.06 percent. Accordingly, it can be said that the increase in Internet usage is not a serious threat to air pollution in Iran.

Habitat assessment is one of the pillars of wildlife management and protection. In the study, the evaluation of Pika habitat in Adoroshk watershed was performed using the maximum entropy algorithm model (MaxEnt). According to the principles of cartography from the geographic reference map topography to extract the boundary of the region, the digital height model for the preparation of the classified map (Dem) of elevation changes, Slope and geographical domain were used. In order to prepare the environmental layers to enter the model MaxEnt, ArcGis software version 10.3 was used. Sampling was performed using random linear transect method and binoculars through direct observation of cheeks and indexes in spring and summer of 2019 and the number 33 points of Pika, s presence were recorded by GPS. Validation of the model was performed using the area under the curve (AUC) and the usefulness of the variables by analyzing the Jacknife test. The results showed that the desirability of Paika habitat in the Adoroshk watershed is mainly in rocky and mountainous areas with grass and shrubs at altitudes above 2500 meters above sea level and slopes. It is more than 50%. The climate was considered suitable for temperate pike. Favorable areas for Paika constitute 275 hectares (17.46%) of the habitat. It was also found that in Adoroshk, Paikas prefer the western slope.

The green marketing movement has been in the spotlight of companies and customers since the 1980s. These companies are looking for social legitimacy, by producing and offering environmentally friendly products while customers are looking to influence the community's view of environmental issues. The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes of exporters towards green marketing and its effect on Iranian caviar exports. To succeed in the field of international competition and transform the country's economy into a strong and stable economy, all available capacities must be used. Caviar exporting companies can achieve high performance internationally through their green export marketing planning. To achieve this, companies must be able to identify the specific interests and needs of each market to export their product to foreign markets based on these needs. On the other hand, these companies can increase their gross profit by creating added value by direct export and shortening the length of the value chain. Pricing can also be done through competitive systems in any market, and in a way that can be highly desirable for buyers along with product features. Companies can improve the effectiveness of their marketing processes by conducting foreign marketing advertisements with emphasis on cultural, social, food, and pharmaceutical characteristics.

Nowadays because of various factors, including inappropriate land use, and indiscriminate exploitation of water resources, soil and vegetation, wide areas of the country were exposed to destruction of lands and desertification. Therefore land use planning based on its ecological capability has a significant role in environmental management and in preventing environmental degradation in the direction of sustainable development. In this study, land use planning for Makidi village (2415 ha) in south of Arasbaran protected area has been conducted. The main objectives of the plan were to promote sustainable use, to increase living conditions, and enhance environmental conservation in the region. First, ecological and socio-economic resources were surveyed and mapped (scale 1:10000). Then data analysis and integration with system analysis approach were performed. As a result, 1571 micro-ecosystems were mapped. Ecological capability of mapping unit was evaluated for aquatic cultivation, dry farming, range management, forestry, ecotourism and conservation with the aid of specified ecological models. Finally with coordination of socioeconomic data and ecological capability of mapping unit, priority of land uses was established. At the end, map of land use planning for Makidi area was depicted for management purposes. The results show that %0.67 of allocated land use is suitable for irrigation farming, %8.49 for dry farming, %26.89 for range management, %13.64 for protected forestry, %0.34 for intensive ecotourism and finally .%49.15 for conservation.