نشریه راهبردهای کارآفرینی در کشاورزی
پیاپی 13 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

The main purpose of the research was identified the staffs’ attitude of Agricultural Jihad Centers toward launch green entrepreneurship in rural areas. The study population was included staffs of Agricultural Jihad Centers in Mahidasht county, Kermanshah Province (N= 68). They were selected through focus group technique and purpose sampling (n= 30). Based on the interviews with staff in focus group discussions, 36 terms were extracted in the form of a questionnaire consisting of 36 cards and an answer sheet (Figure Q). Data analysis was performed by exploratory factor analysis (Q-factor Analysis) using SPSS20 software in 2017. According to the findings, staff’s attitudes of Agricultural Jihad Centers towards launch green entrepreneurship included four attitudes: conscious attitude, skill-entrepreneurial attitude, cultural green attitude, and green technical-infrastructural attitude. The results of this study indicate that the development of rural entrepreneurship can significantly contribute to the development of rural areas as a fundamental and parallel approach to rural sustainable development goals. Because of, green entrepreneurship depends on reducing unemployment, poverty and protecting the environment. In addition to raising awareness and favorable attitude of agricultural experts to promote this important issue, infrastructure and supporting factors should be provided for the creation and development of green entrepreneurship.

The resilience of women businesses is a key factor in the survival and development of rural businesses which follow to poverty reduction and sustainable economic growth. Business resilience helps the entrepreneur to adapt and resist crises, which can be one of the drivers of successful womenchr('39')s entrepreneurial performance. Analyzing the entrepreneurial resilience of small and medium-sized businesses of rural women in Fars province was the main purpose of the study. All members of Fars Province Agricultural Development Specialized Holding Companies were the population of research which 269 of them were selected as a sample by stratified random sampling method for data collecting using questionnaire. Resilience of women entrepreneurs was measured based on Lifespan Resilience Scale-Business (LRS-B). The Resilience of rural women businesses was moderately upward in studied businesses. Comparison of women entrepreneurship resilience in Shiraz, Marvdasht and Estahban indicated that women entrepreneurs in Marvdasht have more business resiliency than women in Shiraz and Estahban. Variables of marketing strategies, marketing mix, marketing methods, firm support and marketing attitude had a positive and significant correlation with the resiliency of women entrepreneurs. According to regression results, marketing strategies, marketing mix, marketing methods and marketing attitude were the determinants of women businesses resilience. Finally, some applicable recommendations were presented in order to improvement of resiliency of rural women businesses.

Service quality management is one of the most important factors for the development of eco-resorts as one of the main businesses in the tourism sector. This research investigates the effect of tourism services quality on the return intention to eco-resorts in Golestan province. This research is applied in terms of the purpose and in terms of the degree of control and data collection is a descriptive research type. Methodologi, this research was done by survey strategy. The statistical population of this research is the tourists who visited eco-resorts in Golestan Province (during four months from February 2018 to May 2018). Based on the Krejcie and Morgan sample size table (1970), the sample size was determined (n=380). Sample respondents were selected by cluster sampling technique. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The formal and content validity of the questionnaire was approved by the panel of experts, including experts from the Department of Eco-resorts of the Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of Golestan Province. The Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient for the main scales of the questionnaire was higher than 0.7, indicating the reliability of the measurement tool is acceptable. The results of a one-sample t-test indicate touristchr('39')s return willingness to the eco-resorts. The results of Pearson correlation with the values of 0.245, 0.16, and 0.177 shows that all three components of service quality (content, context, and behavior) have a direct and significant correlation with willingness to return. The results of the regression with the beta coefficients of 0.23, 0.149 and 0.15 indicate that the service quality components in the eco-resorts (content, context and behavior) have a direct effect on the touristchr('39')s return willingness.

Agricultural mechanization services companies are organizations that can contribute to the development of agricultural entrepreneurship. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of agricultural mechanization services companies in entrepreneurship development in Khuzestan province using cross-sectional data of 2018-2019. The research method is descriptive survey. The statistical population of this study included experts of agricultural mechanization services companies in Khuzestan province (N = 380). Finally, 220 individuals were selected using random sampling and Cochran formula. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose reliability was confirmed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 software and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient (0.86). Validity was also confirmed by consulting experts. Factor analysis and Friedman test were used to identify and rank the factors influencing the role of agricultural mechanization services companies in entrepreneurship development in Khuzestan province. The ranking of effective factors showed that the top priorities of government support for mechanization services companies, support of banks and financial institutions for agricultural mechanization services companies and reduction of banking and administrative barriers to receiving facilities were top priorities. Factor analysis also showed that 78.465% of the variance of factors affecting the role of agricultural mechanization services companies in entrepreneurship development in Khuzestan province are explained by three supportive, skill and structural factors. Friedman test also showed that among the three supportive, skillful and structural factors, the most important factor is supportive factor.

Nowadays, considering the huge unprecedented growth of the villages in developing countries, followed by the advent of many problems, some researchers proposed that development plans should be based on the emphasis on strengthening the villages, because they are the center of production and value-creation in any country. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to develop strategies for the development of sustainable employment in rural areas of Delfan County. The research tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study included experts and managers of agricultural jihad in Delfan County. Considering the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats mentioned, the results showed that if the conditions are ready, there will be a stable employment in the rural areas of Delfan County. Because among the internal factors, the most important strengths and weaknesses, respectively, are "the possibility of developing warm-water fish ponds and fisheries development in some villages" and "the lack of public acceptance of institutional and governmental organizations and the weakness of peoplechr('39')s participation in development projects" and Among the external factors, the most important opportunity and threat include "providing subsidies and low-interest facilities by agricultural Jihad for agricultural mechanization" and "reducing the security rate of policy-making towards employment development and rural industrialization". Also, the results of SWOT matrix strategieschr('39') prioritization showed that the strategy of diversity with the highest score is the most appropriate strategy to provide solutions to create sustainable employment in Delfan County. In addition, the study found that 13 strategies of sustainable employment development were designed in rural areas that could help policy-makers and rural development planners to help.

Ecotourism as a branch of the tourism industry accounts for approximately 27 percent of international travel and, if properly managed, can lead to local employment, indigenous development opportunities and the preservation of the natural environment. The purpose of this project is to investigate the financial characteristics of the plan to build and rent 2 wooden structure suites in the forest areas of Masal. 8 Scenarios Using Market Interest Rate (60 percent), Interest Rate on Investment Deposits and Bonds (15 percent, 18 percent, 19 percent, 21percent) Social Discount Rate (5.12 percent, 7.2 percent) and time preference rate (2.38 percent) and 3 suite occupancy rate scenarios (60 percent, 70 percent and 80 percent) were designed. In this study, we computed net present value financial (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), profitability index (PI), cost-benefit (B / C), payback period (PBP) and accounting return of rate (ARR) was evaluated. The results showed that at 60 percent interest rate at no occupation rate and at 15 percent and 18 percent interest rate at 60 percent occupancy rate, the plan had no economic justification. At other interest rates at all occupancy rates, the project is financially justified. Reducing interest rates by banks and other relevant bodies, as well as holding promotional courses in rural areas, can make a significant contribution to the prosperity of the ecotourism business. Also, by introducing the ecotourism plan and how to set it up in the villages, entrepreneurship can be done and job creation in rural areas will be helped.

Rural development is one of the most important issues in any society, especially in developing societies. As entrepreneurship plays an important role in improving the economic and living conditions of villagers by creating new employment opportunities and thereby generating income, the development of the villages has found a broader connection with the concept of entrepreneurship and in particular agricultural entrepreneurship than in Past. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the effects of four factors such as innovation, production, financial resources and the market on rural development through the mediating role of agricultural entrepreneurship among 42 exemplary entrepreneurs in the province of North Khorasan. The sample size also corresponds to the community size. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire developed by Yilmaz et al. For statistical analysis of the data, the SPSS software and the bootstrap method were used in Macro Preacher and Hayes (2008) to test indirect effects. The results showed that agricultural entrepreneurship has a positive and significant impact on rural development and that there is a direct link between innovation, production, financial resources and market factors with rural development. Indirect hypotheses were examined using the macro step boot method, which confirmed all indirect hypotheses. Overall, the results show that the four factors of production innovation, production factors, financial resources and the production market have a direct and indirect influence (rural entrepreneurship) on rural development.

Entrepreneurship capacities development among students in higher education relies on individuals’ capacity to recognize opportunities; because the opportunity recognition is the first step in the process of developing entrepreneurship. Since the perceived entrepreneurial opportunities are the first and most important step in the entrepreneurship process, this study investigates the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition capacity among agriculture students at Ilam University. The sample consisted of 100 senior undergraduate students in agricultural majors at Ilam University, Illam province, Iran, selected through a stratified random sampling technique. The results showed that the perceived entrepreneurial opportunity capacity among students were moderately low. According to structural equation modeling, the entrepreneurial alertness had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition capacity. Therefore, the findings of this study revealed the importance of the entrepreneurial alertness for predicting the ability to identify entrepreneurial opportunities among higher education students.

Organizational entrepreneurship is the process by which new products, services, or practices emerge through a dynamic organizational culture in an organization. The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanisms of organizational entrepreneurship development in Darehshahr agricultural technical and consulting services companies. This research is a descriptive correlational research. It is quantitative in nature and functional in purpose. The statistical population of this study consisted of all agricultural experts who were members of Dareh Shahr agricultural technical and consulting services companies (n = 100) who were selected as the subjects using census method. Validity was obtained through the panel of experts and reliability was obtained through Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed using SPSS22 software. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between age, education level, and participation in training and skill classes, risk taking, job satisfaction and organizational entrepreneurship level in agricultural technical and consulting companies. The results showed that according to the tendency of the company to excel in the creation of new services and ideas in the field of agriculture, the belief in the principle of prevention rather than treatment in the field of agriculture activities, the company manager welcomed bold behaviors in order to maximize the potential for exploitation of higher priority in agriculture. Based on the results of factor analysis, four factors of patronage and education, communication and support, cultural and managerial-promotional explained 73.58% of changes in factors affecting organizational entrepreneurship development.

Today, educating entrepreneurial students is one of the main goals of higher education systems and universities. One of the most important strategies for educating entrepreneurial students is to strengthen their self-directed learning skills. In this regard, analyzing the relationship between self-directed learning skills and entrepreneurial intention among agricultural and natural resources students of University of Zabol was determined as the main purpose of this research. This study is an applied research which was carried out using survey technique. The statistical population of the study included all students of the faculties of "agriculture, water and soil, and natural resources" at University of Zabol in academic years of 2016-17 and 2017-18. From whom, 210 students were selected as the samples. A stratified random sampling method was used to select the samples. Research tool was a questionnaire which its validity confirmed by a panel of academic experts. Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficients demonstrated an acceptable reliability for the research tool (α=0.71-0.84). The results showed that four variables communication skills, learning strategies, evaluation skills, and learning activities had significant positive effects on the entrepreneurial intention of students. Also, independent variables were able to predict 42.1% of variance changes in entrepreneurial intention.

The development of IT and the expansion of its applications in business have revolutionized many of the previous ways of serving and made the world strive for new competition. Due to traditional methods and processes, the agricultural sector has used the benefits of information technology in its activities later than other sectors, but there are many entrepreneurial fields and opportunities to use the capacities of information technology in this sector. One of these opportunities is in the field of e-banking. The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of e-banking by agricultural businesses in Gonbad Kavous Agricultural Bank. To achieve the goal of the research, exploratory mixed method was performed in two qualitative and quantitative steps. In the first step, keywords related to previous articles and research were reviewed to identify the factors affecting the use of e-banking services by agricultural businesses. A total of 53 articles were found in this field, and after reviewing the content and abstract, 26 articles were selected for analysis and 116 initial codes were identified. The codes identified in terms of similarity and overlaps were categorized into four categories: strategic factors, organizational factors, technical factors, and operational factors, and the conceptual research model were presented. In the second step, a descriptive-survey method was used to confirm the results and prioritize the mentioned factors. The statistical population in this section includes entrepreneurs of agricultural businesses in Gonbad Kavous city who have used the electronic banking services of Agricultural Bank. Sampling was performed using the available sampling method and the number of samples was 183. A questionnaire was also used to collect data. The results of data analysis using t-sample and Friedman tests show that technical, supportive, strategic and organizational factors respectively have priority over the success of e-banking in Agricultural Bank.

Addressing students’ employability by agricultural colleges has been highlighted due to dramatic changes in agricultural graduates’ labor market in recent years. Thus, this study was conducted to measure the agricultural students’ employability (N= 715) and its correlation with some variables in agriculture and natural resources university college, University of Tehran. Sample size was determined via Cochran formula (n=190). Sample were accessed through stratified proportional sampling. Data were collected via a questionnaire, validity of which was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was examined by computing Cronbach’s alpha. Data were analyzed using SPSS20 software. Results revealed that agricultural studentschr('39') employability skills mean score was 3.3 from 5 which was inferred as moderately higher than average. Students were weaker in work and life experience (mean core= 2.72) and degree subject knowledge and skills (mean core= 2.81). Furthermore, perceived importance of employability skills development, agricultural experience, being interested in the field of study, non- agricultural experience, assignment of responsibilities in childhood by family were significantly correlated with studentchr('39')s employability. Male students reported higher scores in all employability components i.e experience (work & life); degree subject knowledge, understanding and skills; generic skills; emotional intelligence and overall employability mean scores. These differences were significant except for generic skills and emotional intelligence. Generally, it is recomeneded to integrate employability in agricultral collges educational programs. This integration should be gender-sentive for considering female studentschr('39') weakness in most of emaployability components.