پژوهش نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه های علوم انسانی
پیاپی 78 (اردیبهشت 1399)

The interpretation of the Tree of Life is made with the symbolism and mythology. This view is included in the book ID (first page of the book). The symbolic form of the tree of life is similar to the view of religions and rituals. Artists use the Bible texts to illustrate the tree of life. The ancient pattern of the tree of life is associated with religious descriptions in monotheistic religions. The important thing is that the Archetype of the Tree of Life has influenced the thoughts and works of different artists from different times and styles and nations. Roger Cook, the author of this book, has been well versed in collecting a coherent set of artwork related to the ancient pattern of the tree of life and this is a very important and sensible issue.( In fact, the significance of the issue is the effect of an archetype in a common visual culture among all peoples and nations. The archetype of the tree of life, described in the religious literature, has been specially imparted in the minds and works of the arts of various artists from the classical and romantic style to the postmodern. It is interesting to conceive of a metaphysical and mystical idea by artists of nations, styles and times. Here are some questions: 1- What is the relation between the tree in mystical thoughts and the tree in myth? 2- What steps has the tree symbol undergone in transforming from myth to art? This article is composed of library and documentary studies in a comparative study of religious literature and artwork of various nations and thus enters the analysis and description of the tree of life. (Research Methodology)

Drawing archaeological finds is one, among the other means of documentation and information transfer in archaeological science. A wide range of objects are drawn during archeological activities. The present paper criticizes the translation of a book on the drawing of archeological objects. The main book in original language is an outdated, but relatively reliable source. Considering that this book was regarded as one of the most important sources of drawing even before translation, its translation into Persian doubles its importance to Iranian archaeologists. The translated version of the book, which is published in Iran, suffers from literal translation, unfamiliar and unusual equivalents and low quality of the printed images, which play a major role in increasing the readers’ understanding of the content of the book. It should be considered that mastering English language and having extended knowledge of the wide range of objects and archaeological finds is necessary for the translation of source books.

The purpose of this article is to criticize the content of the Call Margin, to examine script sequences, casting dialogue, organizational behavior, and other managerial issues based on critical decisions of managers. A descriptive-analytic research method is a kind of content that responds to the problem of organizational response to people's response to critical situations, and the strengths and weaknesses of the film are discussed in this regard. One of the most important strengths is a powerful script that covers almost all management issues in times of crisis. The director has shown all the talks based on very simple and modest economic conditions. It may also be pointing to the formation of crisis in the organization and the reverse process of directors' decisions about addiction. Finally, after showing individual conflicts among people, holding multiple meetings, reviewing all the opinions, decisions and strategies of the company, the survival of the organization, the response of the people during the crisis and decision-making. In addition, the lack of innovation in organizational decisions when overcoming problems and all managerial decisions led to the superiority of organizational and individual interests to other stakeholders' interests, which were its weaknesses.

This essay is trying to analysis and critique the book, according to determined measures. This book has great and new information about contemporary Photography theories. Authors in every section focused on the special subject. Book includes seven main sections and the great attached text. It would be clear, by review forms and contents of all sections, this book as well as pay attention to recent discussions in Photography theory.Refersto too much credible references are very reliable. Almost of sections are very useful for teaching courses of Photography theory in University. Translate this book to Persian language is reliable. Every section of book isn`t depended to another, Thus every sections can be as a book. At last the book is more Description the theories thanto be Critique of Ideas.

The book “Form and creation in Iranian music” has been written and edited based on one of the academic courses of Iranian music and at least because of the lack of references in this field, this book is considered as a referable and rich source, its criticize has been done with the aim of developing the domains of study in this field. The source of the major theoretical backgrounds of the book is the personal experiences and ideas of the author, as a well-known export in this field. Using numerous and various examples related to the titles and issues as well as the content of the last chapter about the genres in Iranian music can be considered as the highlights. Incoherence of the contents in certain titles, not presenting and enough explanations of some expressions and ambiguity when using certain specialized vocabulary can be counted as weaknesses of the work.

Today, the debate on women-related issues has come to prominence as an international discourse. Discussing women's issues as a large demographic group of the society can be conducive to promoting various social, cultural, economic and political dimensions. Given the scant attention paid to theinstrumentalrole of women in various aspects of social, family, economic, political, cultural and artistic activities, the gap of such studies is particularly felt in countries such as Iran. In recent years, Iranian women have been struggling to achieve their proper status. The great potentials of women indiverse cultural and artistic fields of activitiesare not unknown to anyone.The book, "Female Calligraphists of Iran" by TaherehMolamohammadi, is one of the first works that attempt torecognize Iranian women and cultivate their potentials. The introduction of the character and works of the female calligraphists in the history of Islamic era in Iran is the major contribution of thisseminalbook. The present study aims to take a critical approach at “Female Calligraphists of Iran”through an analysis of its content.

This is a critical assessment of the second volume of the book An Illustrated English-Persian Dictionary of Prehistoric Archaeology, written by Seyed Mansour Seyed Sajadi. The book suffers from several shortcomings which have been discussed in detail, especially the ambiguities and wrong information of the entries. It is obvious that the sources of gathering information about the entries, especially those related to the Iranian archaeology, have been outdated. No mention of the new sites and regions explored in Iran during the last two decades is seen in the book. Even the information of classic sites, like Sarab and Sialk, excavated over thirty years ago, is, in most cases, superficial and incomplete. Almost all dates for the Iranian sites are wrong. There is little attention to the Iranian entries than they deserved. With several examples it has been shown that the word “prehistoric” in the title of the book is nothing but a superficial endeavor to attract the readers. The frequency of wrong, vague and incomplete information in the book is too high to be regarded as a reliable source of information for students.

The book, A Short Guide to Writing about Film, is a description of how to analyze movies, and closely linked to thinking about film and writing about it. To achieve this goal, the author focuses on defining the terminology and professional concepts of cinema and movie analysis approaches. For analysis and critique, it is necessary to have theoretical plan for analyzing; but the described approaches in this book, are not the main movie analysis approaches, and for instance, approaches like formalism and ideology lack a theoretical basis; especially in this book, formalism is considered the same as structuralism.

Media and artistic animation is a combination of other elements of the arts. This feature, in addition to the possibility of creating a fantasy universe, has special charm that can address all age groups. In this regard, the necessity of publishing scientific and educational texts and adapting them to the latest findings, in view of the ever-increasing development of production methods, doubles the importance of this investigation. In this area of payment, the issue of the elements of attractiveness in the animation cinema is necessary, useful and valuable. Despite its drawbacks, this work is one of the sources of Farsi help for students and animation enthusiasts. However, by studying the configuration of the topics and the content of the book, it can be noted that the correction is effective in advancing the goals and strengthening the content. Such as; the lack of light unity in the structure of the content, the lack of clarity in the presentation of the content for a particular or general audience, lack of attention to the impact of contemporary achievements, the need for appropriate images for the completion and explanation of the topics and the lack of proper communication between some The images presented with the text have been criticized in various ways. This paper, after introducing some points, reviews the content of the book and analyzes the contents of the book.

Creativity is the most basic ability of the human brain. The artist with visual communication always tries to create great ideas with new ideas. Bruno Monari is an artist and creative innovator in 1967 Innovative experiences and training on interested students at Harvard University, and their experiences, successes and failures in a book entitled “Visual Design and Communications: Contribution to a teaching methodology”by other enthusiasts. This article introduces and critically examines the book of Bruno Munari, which translated by Paiandeh Shahandeh in 2008. The purpose of this article is to express the points to be considered in order to make the work more effective and to introduce more and more of the author's approach to planning for a complete teaching of visual communication at universities and colleges in the country. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical with a critical approach and the tool for collecting library data, articles and Internet resources is valid. The book can be provided by providing more creative images and pictures, giving them the right logical consistency, and deleting and adding parts of the content to its beneficial coefficient for all those related to visual arts.

The present article is a critique of the book “Image and Word: Approaches to Iconology”. The importance of introducing and reviewing this work is studying of Erwin Panovsky's views on Image, Iconography and Iconology, as well as the presentation of relevant approaches in this field from the perspective of theorists such as Aby Warburg, Hans Belting, Mieke Bal and Georges Didi-Huberman. This makes it possible to analyze and compare the approaches in parallel and in opposition to each other. Therefore, the usage of this book is for those who want to become familiar with Iconology as a Theoretical Framework and a kind of Methodology. As for knowing and understanding the agreeing and disagreeing views, it will be suitable.In this article, in order to describe the content and concepts embodied in the book, it is separately addressed to each of the chapters; In addition, while describing the material, they refer to the similarities and differences between the views of these theorists, as well as to the subject matter under consideration by the author, mentioning the related items. Finally, the above approaches are summarized and the strengths and some ambiguities in the concepts are mentioned.

The article addresses the book of image and mind; film, philosophy and cognitive sciences compilation by Gregory Currie. Cognitive approach is one of the relatively recent perspectives on narratological and cinematic studies that emerged from the 1980s and sought to examine the mental processes of the audience through objective exploration in the perceptual and cognitive mechanism of mankind. There are few sources in the Persian language in two areas of narratology and cognitive sciences, and existing books on cinematic studies, such as compilation and translation to the cognitive attitude, are scarce, So the translation and publication of such resources is really useful. In this article, after introducing the exterior origin of the book and the brief description of its content, by examining the form and content of the book, while listing the points from the methodology of the author, some of the conclusions and content lines of the book are critically evaluated. Particularly, at the time of printing the original version and translating it into Persian, there have been many changes in the field of cinematic technologies that could revise some of the ideas in the book.

The aim of this article is to critical reading the content and form of a book on Islamic Art (collection of essays and Lectures). This book is one of the basic books on Islamic art discourse with different approaches. The authors of this book have sought to study the nature of Islamic art, through theoretical discussions in the context of historiographical, jurisprudential, mystical, sociological, semiotic, and hermeneutic attitudes. The main issue of this paper is to raise the fundamental question of how mystical and judgmental approaches to traditionalist discourse as well as historical approaches to descriptive discourse can analyze and interpret Islamic art and thus open the door to understanding and understanding the complexities of Islamic art discourse. We reveal the formation. The importance and critical importance of a critical look at Islamic art textbooks for a more detailed analysis as well as explaining the mechanisms and characteristics of the various approaches to Islamic art discourse analysis. For this reason, it is necessary to demonstrate the importance of the book in question by revealing its analytical functions aimed at guiding audiences and students concerned with Islamic art studies.

The book of Perceptions of Classical Armenia: Romano-Parthian Relations, 70 BC-AD 220 is a Persian translation of a master thesis at Louisiana State University: Perceptions of Classical Armenia: Romano-Parthian Relations, 70 BC-AD 22. This research is mainly focused on the military actions of the Roman emperors from 70 BC to 200 AD. By comparing the various views on the foreign policy of the Romans in the Eastern regions, the political controversy, and especially the conflict between the Romans and the Parthians during these periods, it was aimed to show the image of the Parthians that Romans had in their mind. This article is a review of the research. A comparative study is conducted between the original English version of the book and its Persian translation to examine the accuracy of content of the work and the translation. Having in mind that there are several well-known works on this subject that have been published in the West. Translating a mediocre work by a translator with a poor command of English language doesn’t seem beneficial. Therefore, it would be more suitable to select another book and/or translator for this subject.

The Ernest Cassirer Symbolist Philosophy was one of the most important systematic philosophical thoughts of the twentieth century Which did not spread as many times as it deserves, and was not introduced in principle. One of these reasons was the lack of author's conclusive work on his philosophy. But at the end of his life, he wrote a book for English speakers, which is an entry into this thinking. The book, An Essay on Man, was translated from French translation to Persian. This book was important because of an independent chapter on art Which the philosopher did not have time to review.The present article intends to correct the mistakes by reviewing the Persian text with the English text of the chapter, and provide a small field for understanding this valuable and succinct chapter. So there's no intention of criticizing the translator and only to facilitate the understanding of the topic for the Persian speaker.

The Book of rise and fall of the third chimpanzee: how our animal heritage affects the way we live, written by Jared Diamond is one of the best works in linking the evolutionary biology and cultural complexity of human societies. The author attempted to search for many of the social behaviors of modern humans in inherited biology from ancient ancestors of humans, and has been very successful in this regard. Perhaps the only disadvantage of the book is the lack of updating its content, a subject that has been criticized. In this article, the author attempts to express the contents of a book and, in some cases, update it in cases where more recent discoveries than the time of writing the book have been confirmed by some writers.

This paper has attempted to reread the book The Music of Northern India from the collections of the musical experiments as symbol of culture collection and the aim of this research is to criticize the mentioned book considering the musical-technical dual discussions and the musical-social issues. Regarding that this paper mentions the details for discovering the totals, the executive logic behind the paper is comparative and its aims are analytical, descriptive and comparative. Analyzing the technical-musical data of the mentioned book is in line with comparing some concepts of the Iranian classical music. The role of the non-words and improvising elements in the creation of Indian classical music is the main issue of the criticism. The role of music in mental life of India, social changes and of course its influences on Indian music is another issue for discussion in this paper. Considering the text of the book and analyzing the text, we can understand that the globalization not only has influenced the social life of the Indian music but also, it has been influential on musical sound and inter-social relations. It seems that sound content of the Ragas in Indian music, lacks any definite definition and we face a series of definitions that reading and mental record of the musician, in line with performance atmosphere have played important role in formation of the music. Tala which is related to musical timing of Indian music is like a chain whose rings are formed by the verbal syllables and the art of the melodic instrument players, percussions and the dancers relate them to each other.