Anatomical Sciences Journal
Volume:16 Issue: 2, Summer-Autumn 2019

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignant tumor, and its incidence is on the rise. A survey conducted by the Iranian Cancer Institute showed that thyroid cancer constitutes 1.8% of all cancers and 76.1% of endocrine cancers. A lot of studies are being conducted in order to prevent, alleviate pain, and treat cancer using medicinal herbs. Medicinal herbs are important sources of, and rich in, natural antioxidants. There is lots of evidence that some herbal compounds such as vitamins, flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and herbal steroids have anticancer properties and can act as mutagenic inhibitors. In this review article, first, prevalence and characteristics of thyroid cancer will be examined. Then, a variety of compounds contained in the plant extracts, which have anticancer properties, and methods of extracting plant extracts will be investigated. Moreover, a number of studies which investigated the impact of medicinal herbs on the thyroid malignancy will be reviewed.

The evaluation of musculoskeletal system in horse veterinary medicine is very important because of its effect on equine performance. The current study provided an ultrasonography description of the palmar tendons and ligaments of the metacarpus in pure Persian Arabian horses.

The metacarpal regions of 10 healthy mare pure Persian Arabian horses were prepared for ultrasonography in respect of 6 regions (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). For a better description, the left and right forelimbs of an adult healthy donkey was anatomically studied, too.

All the structures appeared with acceptable contrast and visibility at region 2. Echogenicity of Deep Digital Flexor Tendons (DDFT) from the 4th region was hyperechoic to isoechoic, compared to Superficial Digital Flexor Tendons (SDFT), and Suspensory Ligament (SL) of this level observed in the branching area was hyperechoic, in comparison to DDFT and SDFT; however, MSL and LSL were hypoechoic, compared to SDFT and DDFT. Additionally, the Inferior Check Ligament (ICL) and new discovered ligament (second superior check ligament) were detected in both anatomical and Ultrasonographical studies. There were no echogenicity differences between right and left forelimbs. Based on the obtained results, the Mean±SD maximum dorsopalmar thickness of SDFT, DDFT, AL and SL of the left forelimb were 6.3±0.2, 8.5±0.01, 5.3±0.01, and 6.7±0.3, respectively. 

The obtained data are strongly compatible with the previous findings in horses regarding the echogenicity and shape of palmar tendons and ligaments. Generally, it is assumed that transverse images better illustrate the tendons and ligaments.

The stature is one of the determinant factors to identify a person. We investigated the possibility of predicting stature based on Fingers Length in Iranians.

We studied 195 healthy Iranian students (97 females and 98 males) of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The correlation between stature and fingers anthropometric measurements was investigated and equations for stature prediction were demonstrated by linear regression analysis. 

According to the obtained results, males had higher mean values in each anthropometric measurement, compared to females. Third Finger Length (3rd FL) indicated higher correlation coefficients with stature in both genders. Regression analysis suggested a lower Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) in females (±4.91-5.60 cm), than males (±5.87-6.74 cm).

3rd FL provides a better prediction of stature among the lengths of fingers in both genders.

In implantation, endometrial epithelium is affected by the release of steroid hormones secreted from the ovary and allows the blastocyst to bind. This course is called the “implantation window” and occurs about 4-10 days after the onset of progesterone secretion. Therefore, the endometrium undergoes changes in the configuration of microvilli in the apical membrane, as well as the number and depth of different types of connections between the epithelial cells in the lateral membrane. It also changes in the base membrane in the form of an increase in the thickness of the base laminate, and in membrane folding and cellular skeleton. Ultimately, these changes lead to implantation. Embryo implantation involves different receptors and genes at each stage. 

Animals were anaesthetized by the intraperitoneal injection of high dose of Ketamine and Xylazine. We removed ovaries by surgery. After 72 hours and observing the vaginal plaque, the animals were sacrificed. The left horn of uterus was removed from the animal’s body and placed in fixative solutions, and after tissue processing, the molds were ready to be cut. The sections were stained with general method to determine the thickness of endometrium wall.

Analysis of variance results suggested a significant difference in endometrial layer thickness between the groups receiving GONAL-F and other groups (P<0.000).

The coadministration of Gonal-F and HCG could provide an appropriate basis for the implantation process by increasing the thickness of endometrium wall and preventing its loss.

Awareness of the variation and renal vascular abnormality at retroperitoneal space surgeries such as kidney surgery and transplantation is very important and necessary. Complexity in the veins development of the kidney area of fetus leads to a series of changes in the production of these veins, including the extra kidney vein, and the posterior aorta vein. In this case report, we present a case report of a 36-year-old male with a rare renal variation which has been identified with a simple abdominal Computed Tomography (CT) scan (16-slice). In this case report, there is a single renal vein which becomes two branches before drainage into Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) in which one of these branches passes anterior to aorta and the other posterior to aorta which suggests the type of circumaortic left renal vein.

Congenital variations and anomalies in the human body are clinically important and surgeons must be aware of those. Various human congenital malformation types have been reported. The liver is the largest organ of the digestive system. Numerous studies surveyed malposition in the liver and its attachments, because variations in the hypochondriac region and liver attachments may cause acute abdomen symptoms and medical emergency conditions like bowel obstruction. In this case report, we described an abnormal hepatic falciform ligament that connected the liver to the anterior abdominal wall in a male cadaver; this connection is important in the fundamental liver mobilization. The routine dissection of the anterior abdominal wall of a 56-year-old male formalin-fixed cadaver donated to the North Khorasan University of Iran suggested that a part of the falciform ligament was not formed. Inspecting the diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces of the liver revealed no hypertrophy or abnormal findings in the liver lobes. Additionally, there were no signs of surgical incision to the cadaver’s abdominal wall. The findings of our report indicated that liver attachment defect was a congenital abnormality.