پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 94 (بهار 1399)

Nowadays, the development and production of a new product are one of the most important factors for companies’ growth. As well, the pricing and marketing of a new product along with old products have special issues in determining the amount of demand and the amount of profit. In this research, four approaches have been used to obtain the amount of demand, profit, and price of the old and new products. These approaches include the Nash equilibrium game, the Stackelberg game of the new product (the new product, the leader), the Stackelberg game of the old product (the old product-leader) and the game in cooperative. These approaches have been discussed in two cases which are general and limited. In the limited case, " the " advertising for old products is illegal. The results indicate that the cooperative game has more profit. It should be mentioned that if the players have the same decision-making power, the Nash equilibrium game is suggested. Also, if the players have more power on the market so that they can impose their decisions on the other player the Stackelberg game is proposed.

Since most companies spend a lot on marketing, it is important for managers to ensure the impact of marketing spending on firm value. The initial public offering can provide a suitable platform for measuring the effectiveness of these cost. This article investigates the impact of marketing spending on short-run and long-run aftermarket performance of IPO firms. A sample of 119 firms going public from 1382 to 1393 in Tehran Stock Exchange was tested using multivariate regression techniques. This research is descriptive in purpose and in terms of outcome, it is practical. The results suggest that while pre-IPO marketing spending do not impact short-run firm performance measures, long-run aftermarket performance appears to be positively and significantly impacted. Whereas, marketing expenses as a market based assets' item, can improve the market value of the firm in the long run. The results also indicate that increasing marketing spending before the IPO, and disclosing this information, produces ultimate benefits for the firm

The scope of recent regional trade agreements (RTAs) is significantly broadened by introducing several clauses, including competition policy or intellectual property rights, and expanding beyond WTO obligations.  These expanded RTAs not only reduce tariff rates, but also create cooperation and communication across a wide range of economic areas among member countries. If the existence of each clause has a significant and different effect on the level of entrepreneurship, even if it is equal in terms of tariff reduction, these differences in RTA can lead to heterogeneous effects on transactions between RTAs. Therefore, this research tries to examine the incremental impact of each RTA on transaction value in RTA countries.  To do this, 96 RTAs were assessed among 67 ESCAP member countries in a period of 40 years , and they were estimated using PPML technique along with indicators that were appropriate for each RTA, gravity equation. The results show that: a) the clause of a competitive policy has a continuous effect on trading and has the greatest impact on the expansion of transactions followed by the government procurement clause; b) also the analysis of the increase of transactions in the internal and external boundaries show significant roles in terms of competition policy and government procurement. c ) All results are strong and valid with respect to the various specimens, and show that the presence of competitive policy and government procurement are important in increasing the RTA's impact

Startups Business are challenged by competitors for their creative and innovative element. Therefore, legal protection for their innovative ideas is critical to the growth and development of new businesses that have emerged mainly in the field of cyberspace. This effort seeks to explore the capacities of the legal system for such support and the history of support in different countries. The legal challenge in this paper is that business practices in most legal systems are considered as supportive exceptions and are not supported. Therefore, the present article analyzes the descriptive way to protect these business methods. The importance of this is vital for Iran, where the growth of Startups is considered a national priority. The paper finally concludes that the registration of business methods in the form of a patent system is possible, but to the extent that it does not adversely affect the growth of technology and economy

In recent years, an integrated assessment of the suppliers, producers, distributors and costumers that make up the supply chain components is one of the areas that has received much attention. The inventory management in supply chain is one of the most important issues because a major amount of company assets lies in the amount of circulating inventory. So issues relating to inventory management in supply chain with the objective of minimizing the total cost of supply chain and unit cost of the final product the utmost importance. In this paper, a mathematical model for multi-product inventory management in a multi-level supply chain consisting of the multi-supplier, a manufacturer, and several retailers is presented. The model determines different factors such as the optimum ordering of the raw materials and optimal level of the production and optimal ordering time and quantity of the products by retailers at each level of the supply chain, with the objective of minimizing inventory management costs in the integrated supply chain. Since the developed model is a mixed nonlinear model, to achieve the solution, genetic algorithm is used to determine the optimal values of variables, also the implementation of the proposed method is demonstrated using some numerical example

Nowaday, rdue to the growth of large developmental and industrial projects and the importance of on time supply of materials and coordinating with suppliers, the issue of project supply chain has been considered. One of the ways to create this coordination is integrating inventory planning. For this purpose, in this paper, a bi-objective model is developed taking into account the features of the project, which aims to minimize the cost of the project. This model is a combination of resource constraint project scheduling and inventory planning. Therefore in this research, in addition to introducing inventory planning model for the project supply chain, the project's economic quality in accordance with the standards of the engineering system is considered, and also, the effect of discounts (incremental) on project costs to close the model to the real-world conditions is analyzed. To solve the proposed model, the ƹ-constraint method is used and the numerical results obtained from the implementation of the model are reported using this method

Relation between legal actions, and commercial issues with eachother causes some special rules for each matter. Some of these rules, naturally, are derived from original and special feature, and some are because of subordinate or not specific (general) traits of each action. So, knowing the rules of some entities is doubtful, and determining a sure form is difficult. Marketing is one of the unique entities. In fact, this doubt is raised that it's a sign of one of these entities, because of relative similarity among some of them such as agency (attorney), agent, commercial broker, and commission. However, differences that exist between marketing, and each of these entities, strengthen this thought that it would be possible to consider marketing as a separate entity from similar legal, and economic entities, and enact mere specific rules for them. This paper, by considering the special function of marketing, studies this entity in the light of law, and analyzes its aspects, and reject marketing separation theory (as an original entity), and considers it as a subordinate entity that has complementary function that should have special rules that would be pertinent with depended to others' positions. These rules in Securities market, that is the field of financial institutions, have also special importance.

This study empirically investigates the effects of various variables emphasizing the role of economic diplomacy depicting by different forms of diplomatic representation offices, as well as bilateral and multilateral trading agreements, on the export flow. For this purpose, a modified form of the gravity model of trade is used by applying the cross-sectional data method for a group of 50 countries over the period 2012-2016. Additionally, this paper allows for a more detailed study of the trading structure of oil exporting countries by distinguishing between oil exports and other non-oil export commodities. The results indicate that membership in the WTO, along with multilateral trade agreements are important export determinants. Also, due to the existence of some dominated currency in the trading world, currency swap agreements don't still have much effect. The results also suggest that the oil exports are less influenced by diplomatic representations diversification compared with non-oil exports. Moreover some country groups such as East Asian countries have used their own trade offices more efficiently to promote exports while for the other types of missions, the impact is almost similar.

Countries can boost economic growth through the use of their creative talents, heritage and cultural industries, and ultimately contribute to the well-being and prosperity of the community. This research seeks to determine whether cultural industries in Iran's provinces have an effect on economic growth. The relative advantage of cultural industries has been calculated using the RCA benchmark. In this research, based on information about regional accounts of 31 provinces of the country, the index of cultural industries of provinces is calculated and the effect of the cultural industries advantage on Iran's economic growth in the form of dynamic integration regression in the period of 1379-1395 and according to published data in 1397 is estimated. The research model is based on generalized moments (GMM). Estimated results based on panel data regression show that in the studied period, the effect of relative advantage of the value added of cultural industries on economic growth is positive and significant.

Significant differences between banks and other trading companies and the shortcomings and problems of corporate bankruptcy regime to deal with the bank bankruptcies, have attracted the lawmakers’ attentions to the gaps in general bankruptcy regime and the way of maintaining the financial stability. These gaps have become more pronounced during the banking crisis, therefore after the 2008 world financial crisis, more attentions have been paid to the special bankruptcy regime. For these reasons, designing a special bank bankruptcy regime, especially diversifying bank resolution tools and strengthening the supervisory system, is one of the recent issues on the bankruptcy law. The legal framework of the bank bankruptcy should consider bankruptcy prevention, banking supervision, recovery and resolution of the banking crisis, liquidation of assets and insolvency of the multinational banks.