نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 54 (تیر 1399)

In this article, we look at the period of Barack Obama and Donald Trump's rule over global developments. He has taken a different approach, looking at how the personality traits of the two presidents have influenced international developments. According to Margaret Hermann's theory of personality, we are trying to explain that Barack Obama had an interactive and participatory personality. Since its inception, it has sought to increase collective participation, control conflicts, and interact with the international system. Its reflection on global developments can be seen in Obama's determination to resolve the Syrian crisis, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and adherence to global agreements. Korean Crisis Management, Improving East Asian Relations. ... In contrast to Donald Trump, who has an adventurous personality. He has been a power seeker and conflict has always been part of his personality structure, he has always sought tension and crisis in the international system, and his policy towards creating crisis in East Asia, unilateral support for Israel, withdrawal from global commitments and agreements, the expansion of the crisis in Yemen, tensions with Europe and opposition to the international system. ... is an example of these actions.

In today's world, the establishment of democracy is literally the desire of many nations. This desire faces many barriers and challenges that make it particularly difficult to achieve, especially in tribal nation-states. Undoubtedly, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf are important states in all economic, political, cultural and social dimensions in regional and trans-regional contexts, and the existence of rich energy resources doubles this importance. By focusing on the democracy as the nodal point, the present study examines the barriers to transition to democracy as a surrounding point in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The main question of this research is formulated as follows: "What are the most important barriers to the transition to democracy in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf?" The paper hypothesis suggests that there are structural and systematic barriers that make it difficult to achieve democracy. In this regard, the findings show that the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf have made little progress on the path to democracy and even they are at a considerable distance from the semi-democratic situation. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and through library resources and specialized texts on the subject.

Among the factors influencing the construction and the way of the political life of a nation, the culture and approach of strategic culture as one of the components of human ecosystems are among the factors and issues that have been considered in recent decades in texts related to international relations, security studies, and international economics. The main theme of strategic culture is to explain the cultural factors affecting the decisions, strategies, and orientations of the security and foreign policy of the countries and examine how to use force. In this study, with focusing on the United States as the most influential international actor, we are trying to answer the question of which sources of US strategic culture are? And how did these sources affect the security and foreign policy of the United States? Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the resources that make up the strategic culture of this country and thus explain the role of the components emerging from it in US foreign policy and security.

The Islamic Republic of Iran, on the one hand, has come to the attention of world politicians due to the 1979 Islamic Revolution and the confrontation of its revolutionary and Islamic values with the West and the East and their cultural values, and on the other hand, it has been subjected to political and economic sanctions as well as cultural invasion due to its special approach to foreign policy and its support for liberation movements and the struggle against tyranny. The result of this sanction and invasion has been the pessimism of the people of the world towards the Iranians in spite of the ancient history and civilization of Iran. It is obvious that the most important action and reaction of Iran to these conditions is to draw and then activate the desired cultural diplomacy in its foreign policy. Therefore, in this article, in addition to the pathology of cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, an attempt has been made to address this issue in the form of an introduction to the doctrine with a qualitative and applied research method. Our sub-questions are what is culture and how is cultural diplomacy, and our main concern is an introduction to the doctrine of the desired cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In summary, this study stated that the decision-making model of cultural diplomacy in the Islamic Republic of Iran should be changed from an "increasing" model to an "extraordinary" insight model, in order to move from the current recession of international culture to mobility, creativity and taking advantage of maximum capacities.

Accurate and deep knowledge of the nature and content of the political arena of countries largely depends on examining the role and influence of influential social groups and forces in their trends. In Iran, the Shiite clerics have long been one of the most powerful social forces and an important pillar of civil society. The financial independence of the Shiite clerics, with its quasi-partisan structure, among other characteristics, had made this group a special political community and a potential or alternative government in the past periods - a potential government that has become an actual government with the victory of the Islamic Revolution in February 1979. The Islamist political party that has ruled the country since the early years of the revolution has evolved in the light of the leadership and guidance of the clerics. In the meantime, the two clerical organizations, i.e. the Combatant Clergy Association and the Association of Combatant Clerics, have played a very important role. This study tries to use a comparative approach to investigate the role and impact of the Combatant Clergy Association and the Association of Combatant Clerics in the Iranian politics until 2009. The study of the history of the Iranian Islamic Revolution - political parties - will provide a clear perspective for those interested in the issues of the Iranian contemporary political history to analyze more carefully the situation and positions of the two parties in the past and present and to clearly understand the changes in positions or the degree to which each of them adhere to their past positions.

In the present article, which is a review study, the alternative punishments to imprisonment and their impact on reducing the criminal population in prisons are discussed. Alternative punishment to imprisonment was created under the influence of the ideas of different schools and in line with the many criticisms leveled at the punishment of imprisonment. Imprisonment as a punishment is not only ineffective for the goals of correction and rehabilitation, but also leads to a lot of adverse consequences and to the severance of the prisoner from normal life, family, work and those around him/her. In addition to the convicts, this punishment is also imposed on their relatives and friends, especially their spouse and children. Accordingly, today, criminal justice systems have shifted from pure punishment-orientation to new approaches to correction and rehabilitation and social reconstruction of criminals. Furthermore, new perspectives on criminology and criminal sociology are based on the premise that the use of prison should be considered only as a last resort against dangerous criminals. Accordingly, today, alternatives to imprisonment towards the new correctional-rehabilitation movement have been considered by scholars, but the radical and fundamental realization of this goal requires a shift in the attitude of the judiciary and, of course, a shift in society's culture to the fact that punishments that deprive people from their liberty have failed due to their many harms, and that the application of alternatives (modern social punishments) is the best way to apply targeted correctional-rehabilitation punishments.

The purpose of this article is to identify, evaluate and explain the crime of forgery of documents in the penal code of Iran and Germany. The crime of forgery of documents, as a common type of forgery, is in fact considered a crime against public safety and security in Iran and Germany which can have a negative impact on public security, and since the advancement of science and knowledge has provided the forgers with the tools and means of altering and distorting documents, it has led to appropriate criminalization by the legislators of Iran and Germany. The research method is of comparative type and the method of data analysis is descriptive and analytical. The results show that the penal systems of Iran and Germany each have unique characteristics in dealing with the crime of forgery of documents, which can be achieved by studying the relevant laws and the opinions of lawyers and jurists. In addition, the conditions and elements of the crime of forgery of documents in the German Penal Code are similar to those in the Islamic Penal Code of Iran. The crime of forgery of documents is an act against public security and well-being in Iran and Germany, and the legislature has provided for imprisonment and fines for perpetrators, and even in Iran it may result in the execution of the perpetrators.