نشریه نامه انجمن جمعیت شناسی ایران
پیاپی 27 (بهار و تابستان 1398)

Education and skill development, which begins from childhood and within family, improves human capital. Thus, the role of parents in the formation of human capital cannot be overlooked. This paper uses the 2014-15 Time Use Data, representing urban areas of Iran, to describe the amount of time allocated to children’s education and explain the existing differences. The findings show considerable gender differences in parents’ time investment and its correlates. Although the association between parents’ education and the time spent on children’s education is less strong for fathers but higher education increases the time that mothers as well as fathers spend on children’s education. Thus, the association between both parents’ education and their participation in children’s education is consistent with cultural explanations. The association between fathers’ participation in children’s education and their participation in various activities is consistent with economic explanations because only occupational activities are negatively associated with the allocated time to children’s education. Mothers’ behavior, on the other hand, cannot be exclusively explained by the economic approaches because this negative association extends to other activities as well. Therefore, it is recommended to implement programs that increase the compatibility between parental and other activities in order to facilitate quality childraising, improve human capital and help to realize the goals of the General Population Policies.

In the post-transition stage, reduced fertility gradually reduces the rate of population growth at working age; reducing or even stabilizing the length of a working period can be undesirable for economies. Therefore, identifying the determinants of entry to and exit of labor market and the length of the working period can help keep economies in transition to the old economy away from this undesirable situation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a picture of the conditions and situation of labor entry to and exit from the market and to identify the main determinants of the average length of work in Iran. For this purpose, the age of entry to/ exit from the labor market was calculated using cross-sectional data from the 1976 to 2016 censuses. In addition, the average annual wage, education level, pension, life expectancy and number of children for the period 1986-2016 were estimated using time series data and model estimation using ordinary least squares method. The results showed that the average age of education is the most important factor that has influenced the age of men entering the labor market and its delay. Also, the situation and conditions of the labor market are contrary to the direction of social-demographic changes and inconsistent with the economic benefits of demographic change.

Relation between social mobility and fertility, specially investigating the assumptions that contain inverse relation between these two topics, are so important that numerous studies such as Princeton and Indianapolis studies have been conducted in recent decades. According to the comprehensive revision in the Iran population policies as "Macro Policies of Population", a comprehensive understanding of demographic changes and mobilities and their deteminants has become necessary; so, investigating hypothesis such as "persons who have higher economic and social stratification or status, have lower fertility" seems to be  remarkably important. In this study by using available dada, the relation between socio-economic status of persons and total fertility rate (TFR) is investigated. For this purpose, 20 variables on economic and social dimensions of social mobility recognized from mentioned data and differences of fertility rate for each of these variables are measured. The results of this study showed that social capillarity due to the economic and social dimensions has an "inverse relation" with fertility rate and thus, reliable evidences obtained to confirm the above assumption for Iran.

Analyzing fertility based on the  second demographic transition in Iran, results in Contravertial outcomes; The us, its reliability becomes doubtful. This challenge comes from the completely different fertility perspective of the country. Therefore, present study tries to answer some questions about demographic  transition (1st and 2nd) through both theoretical as well as practical procedures. Findings of this study rejects the similarity of the various aspects of the second demographic transition in different populations and meanwhile, shows that Iran has passed the first demographic transition, but for the second transition, some irresolution still exist.

Decreasing the duration of marriage leading to divorce is one of the social issues of Iranian society. This phenomenon has a determining role in continuing below-replacement level fertility. This paper aims to explain the duration of marriage leading to divorce in Iran. The research method is post-event and a cross-sectional approach was used in data analysis. Data adopted from the Statistical Center of Iran (SCI) and National Organization for Civil Registration (NOCR). Results showed that the average duration of marriage resulted in divorce is slightly more than seven years, ranging from 2.6 to 12 years. Districts located in the western, southern, and eastern regions of the country have the shortest duration of marriage leading to divorce. Accordingly, it can be said that a particular cultural pattern dominates the geographical distribution of divorce in Iran. Multivariate analysis show that the level of development, sex ratio of literates, sex ratio of university graduates, men unemployment and the difference of mean age at marriage between men and women have the most impact on durability of marriage leading to divorce respectively. Therfore, the adoption of policies in accordance with the socio-economic and cultural context of the Iranian society is essential to strengthen the family's foundation.

Changes in proportion of consanguineous and non-consanguineous marriage patterns are one of the most important changes happened in marriage field in Iran. Hence, in this study, an attempt was made to investigate the consanguineous marriage pattern among migrant married women in Tehran and Malard cities. The data is adapted from the conducted survey on a total of 500 migrant married women in Tehran province in 2016. Findings show that consanguineous marriages (41%) Still has a significant Preference in studied population. Multivariate analysis pointed out that the duration of marriage has a statistically significant effect on the consanguineous marriage pattern. Also, the results indicated that initial residence place, education level and age gap between couples do not have a statistically significant effect on the consanguineous marriage. Hence, it could be concluded that despite the improvement in modernization factors, consanguineous marriage is still a common practice of marriage in studied population.

Recently, declining population growth through the Process of the demographic transition has raised concerns for government officials. In such a way that in the general population policies, in 2014, the level of fertility that should rais to higher than replacement level.The experiences of other countries show that when fertility is below the level of Neplacement, they have devised measures to prevent the slowdown in population growth. In Iran, in order to prevent the decline in population growth, along with paving the way for increasing fertility, it is possible to improve life expectancy and prevent premature death (which is mainly caused by traffic accidents). The research method is the analysis of secondary data using demographic techniques. Thus, after examining the deaths caused by accidents and incidents, its role on the future of Iran's population was studied. The results showed that deaths from accidents account for about 8% of all causes of death in Iran. The deaths due to accident for men aged 15 to 30 are significant and is an indication of premature death. Based on the results, short-term and long-term plans to reduce deaths due to accidents will play a role in the growth, structure and number of Iran's population in the future.