فصلنامه امنیت پژوهی
پیاپی 70 (تابستان 1399)

Throughout the history of criminal law, various approaches have been adopted in response to the crime among which the criminal model with emphasis on punitiveness has been welcomed by criminal policymakers and has been of particular importance for various reasons. The present study aims to investigate the different dimensions of this approach in the Armed Forces Penal Code. In this research, the subject has been studied, described and analyzed through a descriptive-analytical method using available library sources. Also, the collected data has been analyzed qualitatively and based on the researcher’s inference from sources and texts. Findings indicate that not only punitiveness does increase criminalization and punishment, but also it paves the way for the development and deepening of criminal interventions to the extent that the legislature has adopted a purely punitive approach toward specific military offenses and those covered by the Armed Forces Penal Code. The research results show that the following are the most important components of punitiveness: extreme criminalization, inflation of crimes predicted by law, extreme recourse to repressive and disproportionate punishments, the use of vague and undefined words in the law that allows different interpretations and covers different people, limiting or eliminating the mitigating factors. The study of the Armed Forces Penal Code reveals the manifestations of punitiveness in all stages, especially criminalization and punishment. One of the examples confirming such a punitive approach is the legislature’s maximum use of “Moharebeh” to the extent that there are the terms “… is considered as Moharebeh” or “… is sentenced to Moharebeh” in nearly 90 articles of this code. Also, the sentence of imprisonment has been mentioned in about 90 articles of this code which clearly indicates the legislature’s strictness in punitiveness. It seems that the legislator has been dealt with a kind of extremist in response to the specific military offenses due to the irrational and unreasonable similarity between and such crimes and the meaning of Moharebeh.

Security is one of the most important issues in every country so that its maintenance, surveillance, and control is entrusted to the armed forces as a basic duty. It is considered as an indicator of national authority and sovereignty and one of the ways to achieve sustainable security, protect, and non-disclosure of military information. Military information and secrets may be disclosed intentionally or unintentionally. The present study mainly focuses on the definition of recklessness and carelessness as well as its effect on the disclosure of military information. Also, the study explains the grounds and evidence of criminalizing the disclosure of military information in the Islamic Penal Code and Armed Force Laws. In this research, it is tried to extract and analyze the cases related to the subject using relevant legal sources through an analytical-descriptive method. This research is applied in terms of objective and it is considered descriptive in terms of nature. The results show that recklessness and carelessness per se are not a crime, but the Islamic legislature has criminalized it as negligence, unintentional crime, and fault because the negligence in disclosing military information can lead to the defeat and destruction of the Islamic Nation.

University, as one of the main and most influential social institutions in Iran, has become the best place for promoting societal education by providing a place for people with different interests, tendencies, ethnicities, and cultures. It can play an effective role in promoting the societal security of the country under various functions such as nurturing sensitive, responsible, specialized, and committed people. The present study is an applied exploratory research that is carried out through a combined method to identify the functions of university in promoting the societal security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. First, in the qualitative section, research experts were interviewed. The results of content analysis and coding of interviews identified 91 indicators. The indicators, then, were categorized in the form of 10 dimensions of educating a responsible citizen, reasonable and possible normalization, cultural (living to understand judgment and persuasion), establishing a safe society, innovation, participation, economic (providing an understanding of the purpose of economic endeavor), ethical education of the society, critical thinking, and awareness. In the quantitative section, based on the identified dimensions and indicators, a questionnaire on the functions of university in promoting the societal security of the Islamic Republic of Iran was designed and distributed among 170 specialists and experts in the field of research. The data collected in this section were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the pattern of university functions in promoting societal security fits well with the data. The present study emphasizes the role of university functions in promoting societal security in the mentioned dimensions.

The present study aimed to compile the defense thoughts of the Supreme Leader with an emphasis on his memoirs in the field of defense - military. This explanatory research is applied in terms of objective, which is carried out qualitatively based on the interpretive paradigm. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the statements and letters of the Supreme Leader in the Hadith-e-Velayat software from 1989 to 2017. The research strategy is based on grounded theory. Using this method, 692 statements containing memory and 1078 concepts and codes related to defense thought were obtained all of which were implemented within 17 themes and 73 dimensions in the form of a structured paradigm of grounded theory. According to the results, the concept of “God-centeredness” is the central category of his defense thought to in connection with which all other categories find meaning. Causal conditions creating God-centeredness include guidance of authorities, clerics and seminary (institution of religion) and the holy system of the Islamic Republic of Iran (institution of politics). Grounds and underlying factors include people-centeredness and characteristics. The categories of conscious defense in soft warfare, powerful armed forces, general and all-round mobilization, jihadi management, self-sufficiency, and independence, recognizing the enemy, proactive organizing and defensive warfare, and optimal commanding are considered as central strategies for action and interaction in defense thought to establish the God-centeredness, which is influenced by the categories of foreigners (America, etc.) and internal and external enemies as intervening factors in the strategies of interaction and action in this paradigm. The consequence of action-interaction and God-centeredness strategies will eventually lead to the victory and the establishment of a new Islamic civilization, power, and national authority. The position and relationships of each of these themes are presented in the form of a specific paradigm model and six related theorems

University, as one of the main and most influential social institutions in Iran, has become the best place for promoting societal education by providing a place for people with different interests, tendencies, ethnicities, and cultures. It can play an effective role in promoting the societal security of the country under various functions such as nurturing sensitive, responsible, specialized, and committed people. The present study is an applied exploratory research that is carried out through a combined method to identify the functions of university in promoting the societal security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. First, in the qualitative section, research experts were interviewed. The results of content analysis and coding of interviews identified 91 indicators. The indicators, then, were categorized in the form of 10 dimensions of educating a responsible citizen, reasonable and possible normalization, cultural (living to understand judgment and persuasion), establishing a safe society, innovation, participation, economic (providing an understanding of the purpose of economic endeavor), ethical education of the society, critical thinking, and awareness. In the quantitative section, based on the identified dimensions and indicators, a questionnaire on the functions of university in promoting the societal security of the Islamic Republic of Iran was designed and distributed among 170 specialists and experts in the field of research. The data collected in this section were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the pattern of university functions in promoting societal security fits well with the data. The present study emphasizes the role of university functions in promoting societal security in the mentioned dimensions.

Digital media, as one of the important sources of communication and information in the social system, plays a vital role in creating and depriving the sense of social security. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the digitalization of media consumption and the sense of social security among citizens of Tehran. The present article attempts to answer the question of how digitalization of media consumption is related to financial security, emotional security, communication security, and information security. In this regard, we have used a researcher-made questionnaire through a survey method. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens over 15 years of age in Tehran among which 420 people were selected using a multi-stage clustering method. The analysis of the collected data revealed that excessive use and dependence on digital media such as social networks leads to a decrease in users’ sense of social security. The trust and emotional, information, and social support received from virtual social networks allow the user to spend a lot of time in cyberspace and easily share personal information. Upon the expansion of communication in cyberspace, users’ emotional dependence on this space is increasing drastically, however their uninformed activity and lack of necessary cyber knowledge endanger their privacy and reduce the sense of social security.