فصلنامه اقتصاد اسلامی
پیاپی 78 (تابستان 1399)

Question of existence and how the relationship between person and institution and how to influence each other in another is an important question which is related to the anthropological and sociological foundations of economics. Its importance is so far that how to answer this question can be assumed the point of departure for the old institutionalism of new institutionalism and neoclassical economics. In this article, it is tried to answer from the perspective of the Qur'an to the question of whether "the relationship between the individual and the institution is a mono-relativistic or interactive and two-sided interrelationship" and in the following, by means of a descriptive-analytical method, the relationship between the individual and the institution based on the linear sequences mentioned for choice in Islamic philosophy is explained. The result of this research is that, firstly, from the point of view of the Quran, the relationship between the individual and the social institutions is a two-side relationship. As well as the influence of individuals on the formation and transformation of social institutions, institutions also affect the values and preferences of the actors. Secondly, the human choices consist of three layers of insight, orientation and action, each of which consists of different stages. Almost at all stages of the selection process, except for the stage of determination and will, there is a two-way interaction between the individual and the community that is affecting and affecting each other.

How to secure the public interest through individual optimization is the issue of economists' day in both the theoretical and practical fields. How can people who are selfishly motivated to maximize their personal interests be encouraged to pursue the public interest? In answering this question, the new political economy theorists view public interest through individual optimism as simplistic and suggest that economists take this into account when making economic advice to policy makers. According to their analytical framework, rational behavior in incomplete information demands that ordinary people have no incentive to spend in the public goods sector and seek the use of free rides. Pressure groups and bureaucrats exploit their information for self-interest and to the detriment of the public interest, and politicians sacrifice public interest for the sake of power. This analytical framework is incompatible with the behavioral patterns in Islam, one of which is Imam Ali (AS). In the context of the analytically deduced analytic method of the Prophet's words in Nahj al-Balagha, the provision of the public interest is in line with the personal motivation of the individual for their personal benefit. According to this analysis, individuals see their self-interest in the Hereafter benefit, which can only be obtained with the consent of God. The motivation to maximize God's satisfaction, while unifying the rational behavior of the major players in society, simplifies and enhances all behaviors to serve the public interest. The realization of these conditions depends on the monotheistic upbringing of the people of the community, the existence of religious rule and the provincialism of the people.

One of the basic issues in microeconomic theory is the general equilibrium and how it is achieved, which is presented by Pareto-efficient condition and two fundamental theorems of welfare economics in the conventional economy. The critique of Pareto condition is that access to efficient conditions is not necessarily accompanied by justice, and the existence of economic efficiency does not guarantee fair conditions. On the other hand, in Islamic science and, consequently, Islamic economics, justice has always been emphasized in all fields. Therefore, in terms of Islamic economics, achieving economic efficiency without regard to justice is useless. In this research, the economic characteristics of the Muslim human being are explained and his preferences are modeled mathematically. Based on the model, a rich person gains disutility from the inequality gap between himself and the poor, and donate to the poor in various forms (charity, Khoms, Zakat, etc.). In this model, it has been shown that it is possible to achieve a Pareto condition along with justice without the intervention of any dictator. Also, the optimal amount of financial payments that maximizes social utility is computed. Therefore, it is possible to reach Pareto-efficiency condition with justice by considering the concepts and principles of Islamic economics and the fact that the Muslim person, in addition to his self-utility, pay attention to the interests and utilities of other people.

The evolution of their theories of development and their application has made them more realistic about the growth process of countries and their income differences. For example, parameters such as human capital and social capital have been incorporated into these models and more emphasis has been placed on them. Given the need to objectify Islamic beliefs in economic behaviors and the importance of improving the quality of people's lives from the perspective of Islam and considering the many qualitative aspects Islamic beliefs In this paper, we attempt to incorporate non-material parameters affecting growth by emphasizing on the factors extracted from the Holy Qur'an conceptually and mathematically and examine the effects of these variables on economic growth. Library Studies and Analytical - Abstract Methods Lee, Mathematical and Mathematical have concluded that by incorporating immaterial factors resulting from religious teachings into the growth model, one can increase the productivity of the factors of production, and thereby increase the availability of various types of capital and national production, so that The national production base has increased and its growth rate is increasing nonlinearly

In this paper, after explaining a problem of the business ethics and referring to its general history, it is claimed that retailers do not have to sell goods according to the price of the time of buying, but they have the right to sell their goods at the price market. After the definition, of the property and the economic value, three principles have been used to proof of the cl aim 1. necessity of preservation of property, 2. la zarar (لاضرر), and 3. Golden Rule. Finally, in explaining the opposition's arguments like self-sacrifice in Islamic ethics, have been concluded that it is good to sell according to a former price, but it does not obligatory. Two other arguments of the opposition are the principles of asceticism (zohd) and justice. The method of study except rational reasoning is use of the Islamic traditions. We argue from Islamic jurisprudence theories some times.

The increasing expansion of financing through the capital market and the introduction of guidelines for the establishment and operation of Credit Rating Agencies, necessitates the development of appropriate credit rating models for financial instruments. On the other hand, the capital market is centered on sukuk bonds, which will be required by the Securities and Exchange Organization, in the case of credit rating agencies, the sukuk rating. the present study has developed a Ijareh Sukuk ranking model. the problems of the issuance of Ijareh Sukuk process, such as the obligatory existence of the guarantor, will be overcome and, on the other hand, the field of transparency of the financing market and the acceleration of the financing process through the capital market will be provided. in this research, after studying the theoretical foundations of the subject matter of the research, including the rules and instructions issued by the securities and stock market organization, the theoretical and scientific principles regarding the rating of securities and the procedures of institutions in the field of credit rating Sukuk rental, The primary model of credit rating for Sukuk rental was extracted, then the dimensions, specifications and indicators of the template were subjected to an expert opinion survey using the Delphi research method .Finally, based on the received comments, the final framework of the credit rating model Sukuk rental was developed in the capital market of Iran. The model generally consists of 2 dimensions including credit rating and fiduciary ranking, and each dimension has components and indicators that form these factors of the conceptual model of credit rating of the rental bonds. in this research, in addition to analyzing the results in classical Delphi format, the Fuzzy Delphi method has also been used to reduce the effect of verbal bias in the research process.