فصلنامه پژوهش های روان شناسی اجتماعی
پیاپی 38 (تابستان 1399)

 Bullying at school is a type of interpersonal violence that could have serious short-term and long-term consequences for both the bullying and the victimized students. Therefore, it is essential to identify the underlying causes. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between social behavior, social preference, social competence, and bullying behaviors among students by considering the moderating role of gender..  

This study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all 13-15-year old students in Kashan. Using cluster sampling, 414 students (202 females & 212 males) were chosen. The participants filled in Illinois Bullying Scale (2001), Warden & Mackinnon Social Behavior Questionnaire (2003), and Smart and Sanson Social Competence Questionnaire (2003), and Sociogram.

Pearson correlation coefficients showed that there are significant, negative relationships between bullying with social competence and social behavior and positive correlation between bullying and social rejection. There was no relationship between bullying and social acceptance. Moreover, regression analysis indicates that gender (β=.17, t=4.11), social behavior (β=-0.43, t=-9.0), and social rejection (β=.11, t=2.65) can predict 30% of the variance in the bullying behavior. Furthermore, gender has a moderating role only in the relationship between social rejection and social behavior with bullying behavior.

The results suggest the critical importance of competence, social behavior, and social preference in causing bullying behaviors. Hence, bullying behaviors could be decreased by designing and implementing programs to teach social behavior for obtaining a desirable social position among peers and especially reducing social rejection and enhancing social behaviors among male students.

Today, the risky driving style among the citizens, especially the young people, is one of the most important social concerns, the consequence of which, in addition to the individual itself, can cause irreparable damage to other social activists and disturb social discipline. Therefore, the present study was conducted to socially explain risky driving based on the structure of social capital.
The research method is a survey and the statistical population includes all people aged 15-34 years old in Tabriz city with 579694 people. of these, 630 people using the Cochran statistical formula and multi-stage clustering method sample size were selected; the data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. SPSS-22 software was used to analyze the data.
The results of the research indicate that the correlation between all social capital components including social support, social participation, social awareness, social cohesion, and social trust with risky behaviors at a meaningful level of less than 0.01 was confirmed, the type of relationship negative and inverse. The results of the regression analysis also showed that the variables present in the regression model were able to predict 11.5% of the changes in risky driving.
Considering the significant relationship and the effective role of social capital in predicting risky driving in the present research, it can be admitted that having social capital can act as social protection against social problems such as risky driving of youth. Hence, it is more than necessary to establish a framework for improving the social capital of young people both at the family level and at the community level.

To develop social health in the macro dimension in any society is a sign of prosperity and progress, and this is not possible without providing a local and functional model appropriate to the conditions of society. The present study compiles social health indicators from the perspective of urban health.

 In order to develop the social dimensions of health from the perspective of urban management, the survey method was used. The statistical population of the study consisted of all experts in the field of social health and city managers, 311 of whom were selected by available means from Tehran. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire with 20 indicators and 114 markers, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.975, which was used in the field (interview, focus group discussion and Delphi) according to a group of social health experts and senior urban managers to The study of social health indicators from the perspective of urban management in Iran was designed. Exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze the information and compile the indicators.

The results of exploratory analysis showed that there were 20 indicators and 114 indicators as social components of health from the perspective of urban management.

By identifying indicators and indicators of urban social health, they can be accredited and standardized in Iran, and by preparing a checklist based on this model, we can help promote social health in urban plans and projects.

This research aimed to predict the relationship between emotional intelligence and anger rumination with aggression

The research was a correlation method. The population was all students of Tabriz University and 377 students were selected by multistage cluster sampling. They answered questionnaires of Bar-on emotional intelligence questionnaire (1997), Bass and Perry aggression questionnaire (1992), and Sukhodolsky et al. anger rumination questionnaire (2001). The data were analyzed by multiple regression.

Data analysis showed that emotional intelligence and anger rumination were able to significantly predict aggression changes, while emotional intelligence negatively and anger rumination had a positive role in explaining aggression. Beta coefficients indicated that emotional intelligence with the highest value (-0.64) had a greater role in explaining aggression

Based on the findings, it can be deduced that aggression is influenced by cognitive and emotion management and control factors and it is necessary to emphasize cognitive and emotional skills.

Social health is one of the most basic measures of social well-being in any society and it is effective in improving the quality of life of every society and in a way provides for the well-being and well-being of one's life and collective life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological and social capital and social health concerning the mediator variable of social support.

The method of research was descriptive – correlational and the statistical population included all students of Payame Noor University of Hassanabad and Varzane in the academic year of 2017-18, that among the samples, 150 students are entered to the analysis by available sampling procedures. The data are collected by psychological capital questionnaires Luthans (2007), Bullen & Onyx social capital scale (2005), Phillips social support questionnaire (1986), and Keyes Social well–being questionnaire (2004). the path analysis method was used to evaluate the relationships between variables.

The results of path analysis showed that only coefficients of social capital paths to social support, psychological capital to social health and social support path to social health were positive and significant (P <0.05). The results also showed that the social support variable could not mediate the relationship between psychological capital and social capital with social health (P>0.05).

Students with better psychological capital and better social support will enjoy better social health.

Multiple sclerosis is a debilitating disease that affects the brain and spinal cord and causes many physical and mental problems. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of training on the enrichment of interpersonal relationships based on emotionally focused therapy on psychosocial adjustment and the social health of married women with multiple sclerosis.
The research design was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test with a control and follow-up group. The statistical population of the study included all married women with MS who were members of the Isfahan MS Association in 2019, and 30 people were selected based on the criteria for entering the study and targeted sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people. The experimental group participated in eight 90-minute sessions based on the relationship enhancement program, but no intervention was performed for the control group. In three stages, the subjects answered Derogatis & Derogatis psychosocial adjustment to disease (1990) and Keys social health questionnaires (2004). Also, the research data were analyzed by repeated analysis of variance.
Enrichment sessions based on emotion-oriented approach improved social-psychological adjustment with the disease in the post-test and follow-up phase (p<0.01) and its effect remained constant over time. However, experimental intervention only in the post-test stage increased the social health of married women with multiple sclerosis (p<0.05).
It seems that teaching how to enrich interpersonal relationships based on the emotion approach has led to improved psychosocial adjustment with the disease and increased the social health of married women with multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis is a debilitating disease that affects the brain and spinal cord and causes many physical and mental problems. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of training on the enrichment of interpersonal relationships based on emotionally focused therapy on psychosocial adjustment and the social health of married women with multiple sclerosis.

The research design was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test with a control and follow-up group. The statistical population of the study included all married women with MS who were members of the Isfahan MS Association in 2019, and 30 people were selected based on the criteria for entering the study and targeted sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people. The experimental group participated in eight 90-minute sessions based on the relationship enhancement program, but no intervention was performed for the control group. In three stages, the subjects answered Derogatis & Derogatis psychosocial adjustment to disease (1990) and Keys social health questionnaires (2004). Also, the research data were analyzed by repeated analysis of variance.

Enrichment sessions based on emotion-oriented approach improved social-psychological adjustment with the disease in the post-test and follow-up phase (p<0.01) and its effect remained constant over time. However, experimental intervention only in the post-test stage increased the social health of married women with multiple sclerosis (p<0.05).

It seems that teaching how to enrich interpersonal relationships based on the emotion approach has led to improved psychosocial adjustment with the disease and increased the social health of married women with multiple sclerosis.

Considering the increasing number of divorce client couples, investigating factors affecting marital burnout has received much attention from researchers. Marital burnout is a painful state of physical, emotional, and emotional exhaustion that results in divorce in its most severe form. The purpose of this research was to determine the Mediating role of communication skills in the relationship between alexithymia and marital burnout of divorce client couples in Yazd.

  The research method was descriptive – correlation and the population of research include all divorce client couples in Yazd that a sample of 180 divorce client couples was selected via in reachable sampling method. The research instruments were: Pains (1996) burnout couple measurement, Jerabeck (2004) Interpersonal communication skills questionnaire and general self-efficacy scale, and Toronto alexithymia scale (FTAS-20). Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis used for data analysis.

Results showed the significant relation between alexithymia, communication skills, and marital burnout of divorce client couples (p < 0/05).

Based on the finding of this research , couples' recognition and gaining of communication skills, given the significant relationship between alexithymia  and marital burnout, can play an effective mediating role in reducing divorce.

The purpose of this study was to effectiveness of gratitude training on empathy and communication skills in adolescents girls.

This research was conducted through a pre-test and post-test research design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of 3258 female eighth-grade students in Rasht city in the academic year of 2019-2020, from which a sample of 40 was selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. For data collection, Quinn Dam (2004), Empathy Juliff & Farrington (2006), and Emmons & McCullough Appreciation Training Questionnaire (2) were used. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that gratitude training influenced female adolescents' empathy (P˂0.028) and communication skills (P˂0.001).

According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that adolescence is a very important and important period with unique characteristics. In this context, appreciation of training can be effective.

Social well-being is one of three subjective well-being dimensions that in a company with psychological and emotional well-being makes the full picture of mental health. Based on the social exchange theory, Social well-being could be predicted by social influence tactics and organizational collectivism culture. This study aimed to investigate the discriminatory power of social influence tactics and organizational collectivism culture in discriminating among three levels of social well-being in the workplace.

The research method was predicting the type of correlational research that was designed to obtain a discriminant equation. The research sample was 179 National Iranian Oil Company personnel in 2019. The data were analyzed via SPSS-23 software, by ANOVA and discriminant analysis tests.

Findings showed that there are significant differences in social influence tactics and organizational collectivism culture between three groups (high, medium, and low social well-being levels). Also, the discriminant analysis showed that social influence tactics and organizational collectivism culture combination, significantly discriminant among three levels of social well-being in the workplace.

Findings indicate that in line with Social Exchange Theory, using soft social influence strategies in organizations with collectivist culture, via increasing psychological rewards and decreasing psychological costs in interpersonal relationships, will impact the quality of interpersonal relationships and accordingly produce high levels of social well-being in the workplace.