نشریه پژوهش های اقتصاد صنعتی
پیاپی 10 (زمستان 1398)

The main purposes of this study are to investigate the social costs of monopoly and to determine the factors affecting them. To measure social costs, three methods of Harberger, Posner and Calling Müller are used, and for this purpose, data from 130 ISIC four-digit code industries during the years 2004 to 2017 were used.To analyze the model, panel data, Generalized Method of moments and Eviews 10 were used. Although in the previous studies, social costs of monopoly in Iran  have been measured,  in this study, the factors affecting them are also evaluated. The research findings show  that the social costs of monopoly in the Posner and Kaling-Muller methods are much higher than in  the Harberger method, which causes disturbance in the optimal allocation of resources and reduces the welfare of society.  Also, the results of the study of factors affecting the social costs of monopoly show that in all three approaches, all variables with a level of probability of 5% are significant and the signs of the variables are in accordance with theoretical expectations. As the variables of concentration index, advertising intensity and research and development intensity are the most important variables affecting social costs and increase them.

Dispersionof monopoly power between industries, regardless of the monopoly power of each industry can lead to inefficient allocation of resources and one of the known strategies to reduce monopoly power and its dispersion is the expansion of trade.Therefore, it is very important to study the impact of trade on monopoly power and monopoly power dispersion. The impact of trade on the dispersion of monopoly power is evaluated in the form of a data panel model. This model considers the dispersion of industrial monopoly power as a function of the dispersion of the degree of openness of the economy(Ratio of Trade to production),the dispersion of total factor productivity and the tariff rate. Also, data have been provided by the survey on Manufacturing establishments with 10 and More Workers of Iran's Statistics Center and Islamic Republic of Iran Customs for the period 1995 to 2013. Findings Trade has an indirect relationship with the dispersion of market power which in turn improves the allocation of resources and thus increases the productivity of factors of production. Therefore, policies that increase trade volume reduce the dispersion of industry monopoly power. Increasing productivity also reduces the dispersion of industry monopolies. Finally, the tariff rate does not have a significant and direct effect on the dispersion of market power.

In recent decades Iranian labor education levels have been increased significantly which show growing level of human capital available for economic activities. So, providing employment opportunities for the growing number of young educated people is a challenge for Iranian policy makers. The main question is that how economic growth will increase demand for university graduated labor. Hence the aim of this paper is to estimate employment elasticity of economic growth in 22 manufacturing sub-sectors by education level. To do that we have run a panel data model by fully modified OLS method for 1995-2015. Our results show that in the long run, the higher the level of education, the lower the positive and significant impact of real value-added on level educated labor demand. So, the results showed that the existing pattern of industrial growth have no enough orientation to employ educated, knowledgeable people. Therefore, reforms should be adopted to lead more employment for higher-level educated people in Iran.

this reason, one of the most energy consuming carriers in Iran is natural gas. Increasing attention to environmental issues and efforts to reduce pollutant emissions cause an increase in consumption and therefore an increase in subsidies for this energy carrier since 2000. Therefore, careful management and planning in the field of energy supply and demand, especially the discussion of gas subsidies, which have witnessed many changes in recent years and reform of the existing structure, are necessary. In this regard, the present study aimed at analyzing the changes in the natural gas subsidy scale and its factor analysis in Iran, using four indices of LMDI-I analysis and natural gas subsidy changes in four years from 2009 to2015. The effect has been broken down by time chains. results show that in different sectors of Iranian economy the effect of competitive price of natural gas has the greatest effect and the effect of natural gas pricing mechanism has had the least effect on the changes of the natural gas subsidy scale. Indicates the impact of different sectors of the Iranian economy on regional and international prices and the small impact of the project. The purpose of subsidies in this area is generally to determine the effect of decomposing factors on the changes in the natural gas subsidy scale: Competitive Price Effect, Consumption Effect, Consumption Structure Effect and, finally, Pricing Mechanism Effect.

market power of active Iran's Agro-industries. The results indicate that industries of Manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, manufacture of flour mixes and prepared blended flour and dough for bread, cakes, biscuits or pancakes, Cleaning and grading and packing dates and industries of Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and molluscs have experienced the highest market power under the Lerner index with 0.56, 0.41, 0.24 and 0.18 values respectively among the converting industries. The findings also imply that industries of Manufacture of edible vegetable and animal oils and fats, Processing and preserving of meat, Processing and preserving of fruit and vegetables excluding date and pistachio, Manufacture of dairy products and industries of manufacture of machinery used in agriculture and forestry have had an effective competition structure while industries of Manufacture of macaroni, noodles, couscous and similar farinaceous products, Cleaning  and grading and packing dates, manufacture of flour mixes and prepared blended flour and dough for bread, cakes, biscuits or pancakes, Making tea and industries of manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers and nitrogen compounds have had an effective monopoly structure.

According to the non-competitive environment in the Iranian automotive industry, this study evaluates the effectiveness of the decisions of the National Competition Council by investigating the concentration on the car market in Iran. Calculation of the indexes of Concentration Ratio (CR), Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI), Hall-Tideman (HTI) and Relative Entropy (ER) showed that the intensity of the concentration of the country's car market has not changed much during the period of regulatory of National Competition Council (2011-2019) compared to the period 1996-2011 and this market is still highly monopolized and concentrated. In addition, based on indexes of Gini coefficient (GC) and coefficient of variation (CV), inequality and the intensity of market share dispersion has increased significantly in the car market during this period. This issue is rooted in the fact that the entry of small manufacturing firms has not significantly changed the market share of the two dominant players in the automotive market (Iran Khodro and Saipa). The main reasons for the this failure of the National Competition Council are 1- Lack of legal capacity to involve the National Competition Council in trade and industrial policies, 2- The nature of public management of the automotive industry, 3- Elimination of foreign competitors through tariff and non-tariff barriers, 4- Non-targeted, unlimited, unconditional and non-discounting support to the automotive industry.