پژوهش نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه های علوم انسانی
پیاپی 82 (شهریور 1399)

Arab Jinni's carpet is an example of Suleimani's carpets. This carpet has a primitive images and symbolic motifs. This sample of Suleiman carpets has different characteristics than visual/pictorial carpets. This kind of carpet has special form and color combinations that represent the metaphysical world. A non-Iranian man writes part of his book to the Arab Jinni's carpet. The name of his book is A Buenos Aires Collection: Rugs and Art/Tribal bird rugs and others. It is very important to publish an image of this kind of rare carpet that is not currently in Iran and is not even woven in Fars province. The home country of Arab Jinni's carpet weavers is Fars province. The research method in this paper is content and descriptive analysis. The knitters of this carpet are migrants of Fars province and their designs reflect their tribal culture. In different literary and folklore texts of Iran, Fars province is called the land of Solomon the Prophet. The stories of Solomon of the Prophet are related to the religious and geographical beliefs associated with the goddess Nahid and Khidr of the Prophet. The Khidr of the Prophet and the Nahid goddess have shared duties, and this has led to their similarity and consistency. Carpets with mental and improvised maps woven in the tribes depict the indigenous and religious beliefs of the people.

Argument to Islamic Art is one of the controversial topics in Archaeology and art of Islamic world. Many scholars have been written professional articles and books about origin, function, cognition of art Islamic Period. Whatever it was caused as definition difference about Islamic art due to that theoretical framework and various approach have been studies so far. These theoretical approaches have been most important to coherence presentation from artistic phenomenon's in Islamic world.Present book include in source book of Islamic art cognition that it have written on based Historicism approach. In this book has tried that most events and most important will be shown from socio-political and cultural evolutions in Islamic world according to evidence of urban-planning, art and architecture.Investigation of this book shows that author can be present general landscape evolutions according to local scale despite to expansion of Islamic governments in political authority. Serious critics' included as: generalization and descriptive presentation of various events in Islamic world, lack of the determined approach in analyzing of artistic phenomenon, over focusing on the socio-economic impacts to production of objects. Finally, this factor has caused that others factors were ignored.

“Archaeological Approaches to Technology” by Heather Margaret-Louise Miller, professor at University of Toronto is truly an update survey over technology and crafts in archaeology that witnesses the hard efforts of the author. .

To do this critical review, the author of this paper first read the whole book in precise way and then made some notes over those part of the book that was necessary in terms of contents or in editorial aspects. Then to correct some shortage it was necessary to compare the Persian translation with the original texts and finally some suggestion have been made for improving the translation.

one of the most notable aspect of the book is its wide references over different area of studies in each seasons. This could be very useful for graduated students who seek to work on crafts and technology in archaeology. . From technical point of view the book is printed and edited in professional way, which its combination with its simple translation would probably satisfy the readers. The biggest shortage of the translation is that translator stick too much to the main texts and its structure in a way that in some parts of the book the grammar is more like to original language than to Persian.

Historians and scholars have cited many reasons as to Sasanian’s defeat against the Arab. In 2008, Parvaneh Pourshariati revived this topic by publishing the book Decline and fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian–Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. With an innovative and rare methodology, she presented a new and rare narrative of the fall of the Sasanian. Analyzing written sources and archaeological evidence, Pourshariati acknowledges that the Sasanian kingdom consisted of the Sasanian-Parthian confederacy and by not supporting the Sasanian on behalf of Parthian dynasties, the Arab succeeded to come to an end the Sasanian kingdom. some of the shortcomings of the book is the acceptance of some narratives and interpretations uncritically, the lack of attention to the final impact of the Sasanian’s war with the Romans and its impact on the decline of this dynasty, the lack of proper analysis of archaeological evidence and, most importantly, little attention to environmental disasters and severe damage to the irrigation system of Mesopotamia at the end of the Sasanian epoch. The following article tries to examine these shortcomings and will evaluate the book in the light of the mentioned cases.

The Achaemenid Army is considered as an integral part in recognizing the culture and civilization of this period, and the research potential of this part of Achaemenid civilization has led to the writing and publication of such works in this regard. The book of the Achaemenid Persian Army was compiled as such exigency. This effect has influenced the factors affecting the formation, growth and development and finally the decline of Achaemenid army. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the value of the text of this book in the form of content analysis. In addition to the strengths and research fields, this book has shortcomings that have been addressed in the research. In the overall conclusion, the strengths of the syntactic book and the combination of two categories of sources, including classical historical texts as well as archaeological data along with illustrative illustrations. The book's weaknesses include inappropriate use of resources, inadequacies of content, some unpredictable claims, and lack of material content. In sum, the present book can be considered as a source of tuition for the Achaemenid history courses, as well as the Achaemenid archeology of the undergraduate and master classes in ancient Iranian history and Historical archaeological period.

The present study tries to evaluate and pinpoint the structural and content weaknesses and strengths of the book, entitled Archaeology of Iran (Tourism Planning and Management), authored by Karim Hajizadeh and Parviz Pourkarimi. In terms of content, the book is one of the rare and vanguard compilations in the field of the relationship between archeology and tourism in Iran and However, this has caused some deficiencies in different parts of this subject. The author in the present paper aimed to analyze and criticize the features and deficiencies of content and writing from several viewpoints, such as the conformity of the book subjects with approved topics by Planning Higher Council, the correctness or inaccuracy of the relationship between the content and the title of the book, the quality of the use of valid and new references as well as the typographic mistakes that cannot be ignored. The present article suggests that the book, despite its rich content and impact on the applied archaeology, seems to be used as an academic course of "Archaeology of Iran" needs to be reconsidered. Key Words: Archeology, Tourism, Sustainable Development, Management, Iran

The book of the theatre in Safavid period by Yaghoob Azhand is a work that historically mentions the theatrical performances common in the Safavid period and the origins and backgrounds of these practices, and is therefore of particular interest to historians. In this article, first, by briefly comparing this work with some other works published in the field of History of theater in Iran, we outline its place among these exegetical works and its distinguished aspects. In the following, while reviewing the method of segmenting the method of presenting this historiography and comparing it with the conventional methods of theater historiography, we have criticized this work as a work in the field of Iranian theater history. In the same way, using the theory of performance, some of the species mentioned in the work have been examined as executive types and their strengths and weaknesses have been expressed. Finally, by examining the general approach of the work in relation to the historiography of the play, The work's status is evaluated as an academic work.

The book Understand Film Studies, aims to equip its reader with necessary concepts for film critique; in this regard the author describes the definitions of aesthetic and film structure, film genres and documentary, and by giving examples and expressing the basic concepts of each one, clarify the topics. But the ten approaches mentioned in the book, do not have precision and comprehensiveness enough for film analysis. The emphasis on Hollywood films and special privilege on director as auteur, palliate the up to date content of the book, despite the subsequent text-based analysis.

This article is an attempt to critique "How can art change your life" by Alain de Botton and John Armstrong. The foundations of this book rely on Dewey's emphasis on restoring the link between the experience of aesthetics and ordinary life. According to Dewey's pragmatic thought, if we put art away and then glorified it, or if we were only engaged in the task of choosing the great works of art, and merely reviewing them, we would have to understand the "role of art" In civilization we will be weakened. The authors of the book try to descend from the level of the description of art in a situation far from the experience of human life, and formulate it in a practical and practical structure. By explaining the problems of the audience in dealing with art, they explain that art as a tool will be able to act as an effective tool against many of the hardships of the contemporary era, both in the private sphere and at the general level.

It is difficult to speak and to theoretically analyze the handicrafts while being easy; Crafts are a familiar and tangible thing in everyday life That would be obvious without any need to know and try to understand them. The book "Introduction to Iranian Crafts Workshops" was compiled by Fariba Mostafavi in Mehr Nowruz Publications in 2016. Although the book is generally a collection of invaluable high quality illustrations to introduce to some handicraft workshops, But like any scholarly work, it has some formative and content deficiencies that have been attempted to critically criticize it. This research has explained the relevance of the library to some non-scientific propositions that mislead the reader (artists) and move from one research to another. In this regard, the following shortcomings and critical comments will be expressed in each of the following issues.

Among the arts of the Islamic era, pottery is one of the most diverse and attractive arts which has always been considered by archaeologists and Islamic art researchers. Therefore, many specialized books and catalogs have been published in various languages about this art and its introduction in a variety of ways, many of those publications have been compiled based on the works of a private collection or museum. The present paper seeks to review the translation of one of these books, which is actually a volume of a multi-volume collection dedicated to the introduction of Islamic artworks in Nasser Khalili collection. A careful review of the translation of the mentioned book, which has been published under the title of "Islamic Pottery", indicates that this work, despite its remarkable print quality and the fluency of the text in some parts, has some serious deficiencies and weaknesses in its translation and edition. From among the most significant weaknesses, serious and numerous problems in recording proper nouns, especially the geographical names and the names of ancient sites, the translator's unfamiliarity with the technical terms and vocabulary of Islamic pottery and art, errors and ambiguities in translation, and ultimately the editor's biased and erroneous explanations can be mentioned.

During the excavation at Tappeh Pardis in Varamin, North of central plateau, several heating structure have been discovered which the excavators called them pottery kiln. Considering the accumulation of this type of structure in the eastern part of the site they have assumed that these structures are specialized ceramic production in Intensive industrial area of the fifth millennium BC. Therefore, these structures called the first kilns of this period on the central plateau of Iran. In this article, I try to show, based on several archaeological evidence, that this notion is not correct, and all the interpretations that presented on the basis of this evidence should be reviewed. The Heating structures from Tappeh Pardis are not unique in the prehistory of Iran, and their samples have been obtained in excavations of several sites, which are also within the settlement area and clearly show type of ovens. In fact, when the discovered structures are not kilns, the tangible archaeological evidence to belong them as workshops is low and it would not be possible to accept that large-scale specialized activities, especially in relation to production and bake pottery have been done in this part.

In this paper, the book of the genre of film, from the classical to the post-classic, has been attempted in the axis: the general introduction of the book and the author, the external analysis, the internal analysis and position of the book, the study of its advantages and its shortcomings. The lack of genre generation and diversity in Iranian's films and the need for more knowledge in the field of genre studies have necessitated the publication of more books in this area. For this reason, the author's and publisher's efforts to convey an analytical work that examines the process of transforming the Hollywood genre from classical to post-classic and describes the genres of the film in various historical, cultural, political and industrial fields is commendable. In this text, the author has attempted to highlight some of the main issues of the genre theory in relation to the book and a brief description of the types of published books in the genre, to show disadvantages of the form, translation, and editing of the book, to identify issues that need to be reformed.

The Roman historian Tacitus 's Book of Annals is an important historical source on the history of the Parthians and their neighbors.  Although, the translator Mirsaʿidi's main focus is on the Roman history, but this book also has some very important mentions on the role of the Parthians and their subordinate lands he did not translate them. In this work, a comparative study was conducted between the original English version of the book and its Persian translation to examine the accuracy of the content of the Persian translation. The authors have tried to review the translation of  the book after introducing the main gist of the book and some of its important non-Persian editions and subsequently comparing these translations with its English translation. This reminds the value and/or issues related with the work, along with emphasis on some neglected points in the Persian translation. The writers of this article have  translated some parts of the book, which relates to Parthian  history in Iberia and Armenia. Iranian and Parthian houses played an important role in these lands. However these parts are not in the Mirsaʿidi's translation, their history was in association with Parthian history in Persia

One of the goddessesfigures, used in the works of the Parthian and Sasanian periods, is the Greek goddess Nike figure. This goddess figure has been used in the Parthian period on Parthian coins and rock reliefs. In Sasanian era goddess Nike has also been depiction on some rock reliefs. Various views have been expressed about this figures, as some believe that the Parthians with using Greeks iconography, depiction the Iranian goddess. So described the Nike goddess in the Parthian period was identical with the Ashi and Vanand. However, the kingdom, as Vologases I, made a great contribution to rebuilding Iranian culture and religions when it came to reign and also tried to eliminate the cultural remains of Greek in Iran. As according to the book of Denkard at the time of Vologases, the Avesta text was collected and the Greeks names of the cities again renamed by Iranian names‏.‏ For the first time, he also used the Parthian Pahlavi line and fire-altar on his coins.‎ maybe because of the fact that he removed the figure of Nike goddess from his coins. The authors of this paper deal with the‎ figure of Nike goddess among the Greeks and the Seleucid and the Parthian period. Then they examine the views about Nike Goddess expressed on it in Iranian ‎culture. They continue to conclude that the figure of Nike goddess in the Parthian period was not identical with the Ashi and Vanand. For this reason, Vologases I, eliminated the figure of Nike goddess from his coins during his reign with the goal of Persianism and the abandonment of non-Iranian symbols.

Carlton Stevens Coon is one of the most prominent figures in the Prehistoric Archaeology of Iran. He conducted the first systematic field expeditions in the Iranian Archaeology at 70 years ago. For many years his works have been taught in the Iranian universities. Now and after almost seventy years, a need for critical review of his works sounds inevitable. In this research, such review was performed based on five categories: theoretical approaches of the field works, degree of specialty, field work approaches, data collecting methods and data processing procedures. The results indicate that his theoretical and practical approaches have suffered from many weaknesses. Coon’s main concern was to find human remains (Neanderthals in particular) rather than conducting clean archaeology excavations. On the other hand, his horrifyingly racist publications, rumors about his employment as an intelligence operative by the CIA during the WW II and the Cold War, plus countless unanswered questions concerning the sites he chose to excavate in Iran, all support this hypothesis that Archaeology was not his first priority in Iran.

This study examines the reasons for the commitment to change in the Archaeology curriculum at all levels of its curriculum, not based on preferences but on the basis of competency-based curriculum models. The undergraduate and postgraduate courses in this field have not been reviewed for more than thirty years, and the PhD curriculum has been the same since its beginning. Today, in the world, curricula are shifting to skill-based, and many elements are being considered in formulating these programs. this study, considering the skills defined for archaeological graduates in the US Occupational Information Network (O * NET) as an index of the content analysis of archaeological educational competence in Iran, to examine the relevance of this The chapters deal with the skills. Its main purpose is to emphasize the need to review these courses based on a competency-based curriculum approach. The collection of data required in this study is library and documentary and the method of data processing is descriptive and explanatory.

Professor Robin W. Dennell is a well-known British archaeologist specialized in Asian Paleolithic studies. One of his books, entitled “The Paleolithic Settlement of Asia”, published by Cambridge University Press, is reviewed here. It is considered a skilful synthesis of archaeological, paleoanthropological, and paleoclimatological evidence of Early and Middle Pleistocene periods in Asia. The book comprises some important and rather innovative ideas about the subject which the author had been developing during his academic life; for instance, among them are the idea of the presence of an extensive grassland belt stretching from the northeast Africa to the east Asia during Early Pleistocene, which facilitated the dispersal of hominins out of Africa (Out of Africa I). Another novel hypothesis that is discussed in the book is the controversial idea that Asia could be considered where Homo erectus was originated. Apart from what mentioned, a large part of the book is dedicated to the climatic fluctuations and the evolution and dispersal of hominins during Early-Middle Pleistocene periods. The evidence used in the book has been recovered from well-known archaeological sites containing hominin fossils and faunal remains, as well as from major maritime and continental sites within which paleoclimatic investigations have been conducted. The mentioned book is considered one of the pioneering attempts to modify the absolute Afrocentric view in Lower Paleolithic Archaeology.