Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences
Volume:7 Issue: 4, Oct 2020

Citrus aurantium L., frequently known as the sour or bitter orange, is native to Asia and, nowadays, is widely cultivated in different regions such as the Mediterranean. Different parts of C. aurantium are consumed as an alternative medicine in some areas to treat some diseases, and various recent studies have proven the potential of this medicinal plant. This review examined the therapeutic effects of C. aurantium components.

Tactful and progressive search strategies were developed to determine the studies. To this end, a large number of databases were evaluated, including Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar (2010 to April 2019). Finally, 12 clinical trial studies were selected for evaluation and analysis, and the JADAD scale was used to evaluate the quality of the papers.

Of 546 papers found in the preliminary search, 12 clinical trials (1132 participants), which were written in English, were selected for structured reviews. The researches consisted of those which evaluated the therapeutic role of the plants in anxiety, depression, sleep quality, premenstrual syndrome, and menopausal symptoms.

The review of clinical trials brings some evidence that different components of C. aurantium, especially its flower have therapeutic effects on particularly psychological states like anxiety, depression, and insomnia and aromatherapy by the essential oil is considered as the most used method of prescription. Therefore, C. aurantium can confidently be used in various disorders which have these psychological aspects among their symptoms.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered as the most incidence form of cancer in the human liver and the main reason for worldwide cancer death. In addition, HCC is a common form of cancer in Africa and Asia and a global health issue. Thus, efforts should be made to improve treatment strategies and prognosis in HCC for recognizing novel prognostic and predictive markers.

The present study reviewed recently published studies that were identified from the National Institutes of Health’s PubMed database, Latin American Literature in Health Sciences, and Scientific Electronic Library Online. To this end, several key terms were searched, including “hepatocellular carcinoma” AND “diagnosis” AND “hepatic resection”, miRNA, and Mesh (Medical Subject Headings) consisting of miRNA “hepatocellular carcinoma”.

Both physiological and pathological processes such as development can be altered by the function and expression modifying of miRNA. The findings revealed that miR-101, miR-106, miR-130a, miR-515-5p, miR-199a, and miR-34a-5p have a considerable connection with tumor size in HCC patients.

In general, several reports indicated that more than half of the miRNAs genes are located in cancer-associated genomic regions or fragile sites. Considering the reports regarding the important roles of miRNAs in cancer, their potential as prognostic or diagnostics markers is confirmed by a long list of studies and miRNA markers that could be used for cancer diagnosis are becoming available

Hemorrhoid disease has been a common medical problem since ancient times. About 5%-10% of patients do not respond to conservative treatment, and surgical procedures have a 20%-25% complication rate including pain, stenosis, infection, incontinence, and the like. Thus, most patients and physicians seek alternative and complementary medicines. Persian medicine (PM) is one of the oldest traditional medicines that present different treatment methods for managing hemorrhoid complications. Accordingly, the present study reviewed these methods and their applications.

This historical review surveyed the principle of management and different medicinal and non-medicinal treatments for each complication of hemorrhoid based on the main textbooks of disease-treatment and famous pharmacopoeias of PM from 10th to 18th century AD. Recent findings about their pharmaceutical properties and mechanisms of action were searched in Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed databases.

In PM, it is believed that hemorrhoid disease is because of melancholic or sanguineous distemperament. Cleansing the body and then strengthening the gastrointestinal and the liver for more effective treatment and prevention of relapse are the first therapeutic approaches in this regard. They use herbal and non-herbal medicines with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and phlebotonic properties. In addition, different methods of bloodletting are used for body cleansing, reducing pain, and treating bleeding or thrombotic hemorrhoids.

In general, the proposed herbal and non-herbal medicines could be formulated for generating different pharmaceutical products. Finally, non-pharmaceutical methods could be used for postponing the need for surgical interventions

Research related to the characterization of the secondary metabolites of actinomycetes rhizosphere medicinal plants, as well as the molecular identification of actinomycetes as an antibacterial compound producer was carried out on actinomycete isolates obtained from the rhizosphere soil of medicinal plants in South Sulawesi. The purpose of this study was to isolate actinomycetes from Andrographis paniculata rhizosphere and to determine their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, actinomycetes that produce antibacterial compounds were identified as well.

Two isolates of actinomycetes were obtained from A. paniculata named SM-4 and SM-6, which were fermented in the starch nitrate broth (SNB) medium for 14 days. The supernatant and biomass of the fermentation yield were separated, and then the supernatant was extracted using ethyl acetate. Next, the antibacterial activity test was conducted by the diffusion method using a paperdisk. Eventually, the identification of actinomycetes SM-4 and SM-6 was based on the sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene using universal primers 27f and 1492r.

The antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extracts could inhibit the bacteria test to 2 mg concentration. Based on phylogenetic trees, actinomycetes SM-4 and actinomycetes SM-6 had the highest similarity with Streptomyces griseorubiginosus and Streptomyces phaeopurpureus, as well as Streptomyces purfeofuscus and Kitasatospora azatica, respectively.

In general, actinomycetes SM-4 isolated from rhizosphere A. paniculata had the highest similarity with Streptomyces griseorubiginosus and Streptomyces phaeopurpureus with a similarity level of 97%. In addition, SM 6 isolated from the rhizosphere of A.s paniculata demonstrated the highest similarity with Streptomyces purfeofuscus and K. azatica with similarity levels of 97%. Finally, the thin layer chromatography-bioautography test revealed that the ethyl acetate extract from actinomycetes SM-4 had antibacterial activity at Rf 0.14 and 0.4 and was assumed to be a class of terpenoid compounds

High tension is the leading cause of the increased risk of mortality among family caregivers (FCGs), resulting in inadequate care and abandonment of the patient. Spirituality promotion is a sense of mastery and control and strength to endure the stressors of illness. To the best of our knowledge, no tool is available for investigating the current spiritual state of the FCG and identifying the need for spiritual intervention in Iran. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the level of independence of patients with chronic disease and to explore the concept of spirituality and psychometric of related scale, namely, caregiver’s spiritual empowering scale (CSES).

This study used a multiphase mixed-method approach and was conducted from June 2016 to August 2018 in the southwestern region of Iran. The cross-sectional surveys of activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were conducted on people with chronic diseases (n = 389) in the first phase. In the second phase, the exploratory sequential mixed method was applied for content analysis study (n = 26) and psychometric of CSES in FCG (n = 395).

The caregivers’ age was within the range of 17-74 years (42 Mean ± 12SD). Based on the results of ADL IADL, 87% and 99.5% of patients were dependent or in need of help. In the qualitative study phase, four main categories emerged in the context of “Empowering spirituality”. The reliability and validity of CSES including 12 items loaded one a single factor were confirmed based on the content validity ratio >0.45, content validity index >0.78, kappa coefficient >0.75, impact score > 1.5, α = 0.92, interclass correlation coefficient = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.90-0.92, r = 0.57, P = 0.000, standard error of the mean = 1.64, and KaiserMeyer-Olkin index = 94, P < 0.001.

In general, spiritual empowerment is essential as a low-cost and effective method in increasing the dependence of people with chronic diseases and the risk of burnout in FCG. Accordingly, the CSES is considered a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the status of empowerment spirituality in informal caregivers and the effectiveness of interventions.

Escherichia coli is one of the most potential agents of community and hospital-acquired infections, which can readily acquire non-susceptibility to drugs administered to animals and humans. E. coli, which has been broadly applied as an indicator of fecal contamination in aquatic environments, is routinely conducted non-virulence. Nevertheless, some isolates can be virulence. The main objectives of this work were to survey antibiotic non-susceptibility and to characterize virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes including traT, fimH, blaCTX, and tetA among the E. coli isolates recovered from sewage in Gonabad, in the northeast of Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 99 non-duplicate strains of E. coli was removed from three types of sewage including poultry (33 isolates), urban (33), and livestock slaughterhouse (33) sewages in Gonabad from May 2016 to April 2017. Then, the antimicrobial susceptibility test and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) production were done based on CLSI guidelines, followed by performing the polymerase chain reaction technique to identify 2 virulence (traT and fimH) and 2 antibiotic resistance (blaCTX and tetA) genes.

Meropenem was the most effective drug against the strains. The analysis of multiple drug non-susceptibility profiles in the strains showed that 39 (39.3%) strains were TR-NAR and three (3.03%) of them were resistant to colistin. Totally, 21 (21.2%) strains were ESBL-positive and 15 (71.42%) ESBL+ isolates carried blaCTX gene whereas 87.9% and 100% of the strains in the livestock slaughterhouse and urban sewages carried the tetA gene, respectively. Finally, 85.7% of ESBL-positive isolates carried the fimH gene. Overall, 19.8% of ESBL-positive strains carried fimH and traT virulence genes (fimH+-traT+ genotype).

Based on the findings of this study, wastewater and surface waters are considered as significant sources of E. coli carrying ESBL-genes, high levels of antibiotic non-susceptibility, and pathogenesis traits. Eventually, the identified colistin nonsusceptible strains are quite worrying

Hand burns are among the most destructive types of burns, imposing significant limitations on the performance and occupation of individuals. Accordingly, this injury induces many negative effects on the quality of life (QOL) of patients. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to assess the effect of a self-care educational mobile application on the QOL of victim patients with hand burns.

The present randomized controlled trial included 60 burn victims admitted to the Burn Center of Imam Reza hospital, Mashhad, Iran. The intervention group used the hand burn self-care application upon their admission up to 2 months after their hospital discharge while the controls only received the ordinary training presented in the burn center. All patients completed the Burn-Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B) questionnaire before and 2 months after the intervention. Finally, data were analyzed using an independent t test, along with chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests in SPSS 21.

Two months after using the hand burn self-care application, the total mean score for the QOL of burn victims increased from 80.4±17.9 to 182.5±15.6 and 74.8±15.3 to 122.4±19.7 in the intervention and control groups, respectively (P<0.001).

According to our results, using the self-care burn mobile application can improve the QOL of burn victims. Consequently, the use of this tool can be proposed as part of the treatment and rehabilitation procedures for these patients.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between cognitive factors, weight control behavior, bone mineral density (BMD), and the risk of bone fracture by the dietary pattern among Iranian postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

In this cross-sectional study (2017), 240 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis referring to two densitometry clinics in Tabriz (Iran) were recruited to participate in the study using a convenience sampling technique. Then, nutrition survey, BMD, the risk of bone fracture, weight control behavior, and a framework-based weight control behavior questionnaire (Weight-CuRB) were applied to collect data.

Using factor analysis, three distinct dietary patterns were identified, including healthy, mixed, and western patterns, which accounted for 24.24% of the total variance in food intake. After adjustment for cognitive and socio-demographic variables, patients with a western dietary pattern and no control on weight showed the increased risk of major osteoporotic (odds ratio [OR]: 4.82, CI: 2.02-11.45, P = 0.000) and hip (OR: 3.13, CI: 1.36-7.19, P = 0.007) fractures (P<0.001). In addition, in the subjects with western dietary pattern and no control over their weight, results showed an increased risk of low BMD (OR: 0.451, CI: 0.199- 1.042, P = 0.044).

In general, the increased intake of fruits, nuts, the vegetable oil in a healthy dietary pattern, and adoption of appropriate weight control behaviors may reduce the risk of bone fracture in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Accordingly, health practitioners and healthcare providers should consider weight control in their risk assessment of bone fracture in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

Apnea leads to respiratory arrest in premature infants, which decreases through the administration of caffeine by increasing the heart rate (HR). Nowadays, using electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, along with studying and comparing heart rate characteristics (HRC) in premature infants is considered as the most critical claim in the early detection of diseases, especially sepsis. Accordingly, this study investigated the effect of caffeine on HRC.

To this end, the raw ECG data of infants were collected from the Akbarabadi neonatal intensive care unit section and then processed in time and statistical domain. Next, the effect of caffeine on their HRC was investigated, and finally, HRC signals were analyzed fifteen minutes before and immediately after caffeine administration.

Before caffeine administration, the probability distribution of inter-beat (RR) intervals and the probability distribution of the R2 /R1 ratio were close to the normal distribution. According to previous studies, the irregularity of the signal in the diagram of the beat to beat RR interval indicates the infant health. However, these diagrams showed an abnormal distribution, and a specific uniformity was observed in the RR interval diagram after the administration of caffeine.

Based on the results of this study, changes in the infant’s HRC and its pattern should be identified after drug administration in order to evaluate the status of newborns, primarily through new methods of sepsis prediction in preterm infants. Eventually, the findings of this study enable clinicians to consider the drug effect as a confounding factor with a specific pattern in the signal without disconnecting diagnostic devices from infants for drug administration.

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) has recently been evaluated for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) treatment. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of ESWT for the treatment of patients with moderate KOA compared with conventional physiotherapy (PT).

In this randomized controlled clinical trial, a total of 75 adult patients (70 females and 5 males) with moderate KOA were randomly assigned to ESWT with exercise, PT with exercise, and exercise-only groups. Finally, patients were evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), knee range of motion (ROM), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein.

In either treatment group, VAS, WOMAC, and TUG significantly improved toward 3 weeks and this improvement sustained until the 7-week follow-up session. In addition, patients’ knee ROM significantly improved in the ESWT group throughout the course of the study. Based on the results, no significant difference was observed between the ESWT and PT after 3 weeks and both were superior to exercise alone. In the 7-week evaluation, patients in the ESWT group reported lower pain (50.42% improvement in VAS compared to 30.31%; P<0.001 and 28.26%; P=0.008 in PT and exercise groups, respectively) and better improvement in knee extension ROM (P=0.004 and <0.001, respectively).

In general, although PT and ESWT seem to be more effective than exercise alone in the short-term treatment of patients suffering from KOA, medium intensity ESWT is better than PT and exercise in the medium-term rehabilitation of these patients resulting in better pain-relieving and knee ROM improvements.

Postanesthesia shivering (PAS) is a frequent side effect of general anesthesia and one of the leading causes of patients’ discomfort after recovery from anesthesia, especially in an ambulatory setting. Remifentanil is reported to have an increased incidence of PAS compared to other analgesics maybe due to several ways that are unrelated to the patient’s core body temperature variations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of remifentanil versus fentanyl on postoperative shivering and its relationship with intraoperative hypothermia.

Accordingly, 100 patients scheduled for outpatient gynecologic procedures were studied in two randomly assigned groups. All patients received total intravenous anesthesia for induction and maintenance with remifentanil-propofol and fentanyl-propofol in remifentanil and fentanyl groups, respectively. The incidence and severity of shivering, as well as core body temperature, hemodynamic variations, and probable postoperative complications were evaluated and recorded based on the aim of the study.

Based on the results, there were no significant differences in demographic data. On the other hand, the incidence and severity of shivering were significantly higher in the remifentanil group compared to the fentanyl group (P<0.001) although core body temperatures did not differ between the two groups (P>0.05). Finally, no significant difference was observed in hemodynamic changes and other postoperative complications between the two groups (P>0.05).

In general, remifentanil is a very short-acting and safe opioid for ambulatory procedures. However, it is associated with a higher incidence and severity of shivering as compared to other opioids unrelated to intraoperative hypothermia. Thus it must be noted that some strategies are needed to prevent this complication.

Pneumonia, as one of the most common and serious diseases in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), is associated with electrolyte imbalance. The prognostic value of pneumonia-associated electrolyte imbalance and its effect on the clinical outcome of admitted patients in PICU was considered as the main scope of this study.

This prospective observational study was conducted on 8 beds of PICU for two years. In parallel with the routine treatment protocol, the levels of magnesium (Mg), phosphate (P), and calcium (Ca) on the admission day were measured in 240 hospitalized patients with pneumonia. Based on clinical outcomes, patients were categorized into three groups. Finally, the demographic data and electrolyte imbalances were analyzed based on the aim of the study.

There were no significant differences regarding age and gender, as well as the percentages of patients with mechanical ventilation and dopamine administration. In addition, no differences were observed in the lengths of mechanical ventilation and dopamine administration among the three groups. Furthermore, the length of PICU and hospital stays was significantly longer in patients either as discharged with the sequel or dead ones. The results further revealed that the scores of the pediatric risk of mortality and sequential organ failure assessment were significantly higher in patients that passed away. Moreover, Ca and Mg deficiencies were significant in patients either as discharge with the sequel or dead ones. Additionally, 16.2% and 25% of patients who discharged with the sequel and passed away showed P deficiency, respectively. Finally, Ca deficiency by 12.39 times increased patients’ poor prognostic clinical outcomes.

Among primary electrolyte deficiencies, hypocalcaemia can be considered as a prominently poor prognostic factor for clinical outcomes in PICU patients with pneumonia but hypomagnesaemia and hypophosphatemia do not predict clinical outcomes

Hot flash is a prevalent health problem among breast cancer survivors. Due to the prohibition of estrogen use in patients affected by breast cancer, the treatment of hot flashes is a major challenge in these patients. In this regard, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of exercise and acupressure on decreasing hot flashes in patients with breast cancer.

This randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out on 99 women with breast cancer referring to two divisions of the Oncology Clinic of Tabriz Medical Sciences University in Iran. Participants were assigned to exercise, acupressure, and control through random selection. For the members of the acupressure group, acupressure was applied to the HE7, SP6, and HE GU points by an acupuncturist for 15 minutes three days a week during an 8-week period. Regarding the exercise group, a moderate 60-minute aerobic exercise program was designed and implemented 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Finally, the control group was awarded general education on lifestyle changes in order to reduce hot flashes.

Data analysis results showed a reduction in the mean of hot flash scores in both acupressure and exercise groups in the 4th and 8th weeks compared to the control group (P<0.001). However, acupressure and exercise did not significantly reduce the hot flash scores in either group.

In general, the results revealed that exercise and acupressure are two effective methods with negligible side effects for diminishing hot flashes in women suffering from breast cancer. Considering the prevalence of hot flashes in breast cancer patients, the use of these two methods can be a good alternative to medical treatments for controlling and reducing hot flashes

Hyperprolactinemia leads to corpus luteum failure, sporadic ovulation, and ultimately, anovulation and amenorrhea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the vitex agnus-castus fruit extract (Vitagnus tablet) on the levels of blood prolactin and sex hormones and to compare its histological effect with that of bromocriptine and Dostinex on women with hyperprolactinemia.

To this end, of women at reproductive age with hyperprolactinemia who had referred to healthcare centers, 105 cases were selected and randomly assigned to three groups of bromocriptine, Dostinex, and Vitagnus. During the time of research (4 cycles), patients were treated with these drugs, and finally, the titer of prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone, and estrogen, and progesterone of the blood serum sample were measured accordingly. At the beginning of the follicular phase, the ultrasound scan was done to determine the endometrial thickness and if necessary, the histological study was conducted using the endometrial biopsy sample.

Based on the results, the prolactin level in the bromocriptine group started to show a significant difference from previous cycles in the second cycle, and in the first cycle in the other two groups (P<0.05). In addition, the rate of the decrease in endometrial thickness in the Vitagnus group was significant compared to other groups (P<0.05). At the third stage and later, bromocriptine and Dostinex had a significant effect on the FSH level while the effect of Vitagnus was not significant at any of the stages. The results further revealed that the amounts of estradiol in the Vitagnus group had a significant increase compared to other groups (P<0.05). The effect of Vitagnus and Dostinex tablets on the HL level appeared from the 4th and 3rd cycles onward, respectively, while no significant effect of bromocriptine was found at any of the stages. Eventually, the effect of the Vitagnus tablet on progesterone was remarkable compared to the other two mediations in the 2nd and 3rd cycles.

Similar to other drugs, Vitagnus has a significant effect on the amount of prolactin and sex hormones and thus can be successfully used in treating hyperprolactinemia. Finally, reductions in endometrial thickness were significant in the Vitagnus group compared to the other two groups

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of a Persian-language perinatal anxiety screening tool in the Iranian population.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 300 low-risk women who participated in the perinatal period. Pregnant women aged 18-42 years were randomly selected from comprehensive health centers in Ardabil, Iran and included in the study from 9.10.2017 to 6.3.2018, and finally, followed up as well. Several questionnaires were used in this study, including demographic, perinatal anxiety, perceived stress, and postpartum depression in Edinburgh. The forward-backward method was used to translate the English version of the tool into Persian. Eventually, the content and face validity were assessed and the reliability of the tool was evaluated using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.

The validation of the anxiety instrument showed that the content validity ratio (CVR) (0.6-0.1) and content validity index (CVI) (0.8-1.0) were acceptable. Using the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (χ2 = 4.966, df = 465, and P<0.01), reliability assessment demonstrated that the instrument had four subscales. The mean (standard deviation) of the total score of the instrument in pregnancy and delivery was 36.6 (13.1) and 43.3 (7.7) in the range of 0-93, respectively. Finally, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.84-0.94) and ICC of 0.96 (95% CI: 0.93-0.98) revealed that the instrument has a high ICC and excellent test-retest.

In general, the findings of this study support the validity and reliability of the tool thus it can be used in clinical and research cases.

Today, sperm DNA fragmentation is considered as one of the causes of male infertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) in male factor infertility.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 100 infertile men referred to Infertility Clinic of Zahedan (Iran) in 2017. Patients were selected using simple random sampling. All sperm parameters were analyzed for the patients. The sperm DFI was determined using Halosperm test and patients were divided into two groups with low sperm DFI (≤30%) and high sperm DFI (>30%).

The mean age and sperm DFI of patients were 34.29 ± 4.18 years and %34.69 ± 19.13, respectively. From these patients, 55% had low DFI (less than 30%) and 45% had a high DFI (greater than 30%). The normal sperm morphology in the group with sperm DFI greater than 30% significantly was lower than that in the group with sperm DFI less than or equal to 30%.

The findings of this study indicated an inverse relationship between sperm DFI and sperm morphology. Conducting DFI tests to examine the anomalies and sperm DNA damage in infertile men is highly recommended.

Evidence indicates that maternal and neonatal complications increase in pregnancies with preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM). Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the indications of pregnancy termination with PPROM and the effect of PPROM latency on maternal and neonatal outcomes.

This prospective study was conducted on pregnant women who were admitted with PPROM. The patients were divided into two groups based on their gestational age. The first group consisted of women with less than 30 weeks of gestation and the second group included those with 30 to 33 weeks and 6 days of gestation. The data on the indications of termination, amniotic fluid index, and latency and their relation to neonatal and maternal complications were evaluated based on the aim of the study.

The study included 199 patients with a mean (standard deviation) age of 29.6±3.4. Based on the results, the most frequent indications for pregnancy termination were reaching 34 weeks of gestation and labor onset. In addition, the chorioamnionitis in 3 cases (1.5%) was the most common maternal complication. Finally, the median of latency was 5 (3-10) and 3 (1-6) days in groups 1 and 2, (P=0.001).

In general, the results of the present study suggest that the latency of PPROM in less than 30 weeks of gestational age improves the neonatal mortality rate without increasing maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes.

Obesity affects various aspects of puberty development, including the hormonal parameters and onset of puberty during puberty. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between android obesity and menstrual disorders in different ages of menarche.

The present cross-sectional study adopted a cluster-sampling method to evaluate 2000 girls (aged 9-18) who were selected from all regions of Shiraz. Then, questionnaires were completed, including data on demographic characteristics, menstrual disorders, and the like. Then, their weight, height, waist, and the circumference of the hip were measured by the standard method, and finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS using statistical tests.

A number of 1945 (97.3%) out of 2000 girls had android obesity <0.85 and 55 (2.8%) of them suffered from android obesity >0.85. Based on the results, no significant relationship was observed between android obesity and bleeding duration (P=0.09), menstrual cycle length (P=0.76), amenorrhea (P=0.98), dysmenorrhea (P=0.31), spotting (P=0.24), passing clots (P=0.35), menstrual regularity (P=0.89), and menstrual bleeding (P=0.08). However, a meaningful relationship was found between android obesity (P=0.001) and body mass index (BMI).

In general, most subjects did not have android obesity. Based on the results, there was a meaningful relationship between BMI and android obesity. However, no meaningful relationship was found between bleeding duration, passing clots, menstrual regularity, menstrual cycle length, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, spotting, and menstrual bleeding. Therefore, the necessity of paying more attention to adolescents in intervention programs and education is felt more than before in order to improve their nutritional status and health.