پژوهش نامه تاریخ اسلام
سال نهم شماره 36 (زمستان 1398)

“Sanctuary” is of the fundamental concepts in Islam Prophet (PBUH) Sirrah. There were three urban settlements of “Mecca”, “Medina” and “Ta’if” in Hijaz of the Prophet’s era. The Prophet set two cities of Mecca and Medina and the so-called Ta’if as the sanctuary. The concept of “sanctuary” had been laid down to apply special and to some extent strict rules and regulations to preserve plants and animals. The main issue of this research is that what effect had the sanctuary concept on preserving Hijaz cities environment? And due to problems of contemporary city life on the environment, is it possible to use this religious concept for preserving the environment? In this article according to the existing narratives and considering the historical texts, it became clear that determining the sanctuary and applying regulations such as the prohibition of cutting trees down, hunting and scaring animals and also destroying plants, has had a huge impact on preserving the natural environment of the cities of prophet’s (PBUH) era. Moreover, due to the poor condition of the environment in third world countries especially in Islamic countries, it seems necessary and inevitable to seek ways of preserving the nature of these countries. Thus, it seems that expanding sanctuary regulations to other urban settlements in the contemporary world can play an important role in preserving the environment and natural heritage around the cities.

The contiguity of the Indian subcontinent and Great Khorasan in the Islamic period has connected the political history of these two regions. According to the historical reports, the development of Islam in the subcontinent and formation of Muslims government in India originated in Khorasan political changes. Also, Indians were present in political and military arenas of some Islamic governments of the Great Khorasan. Also, Ghazni, which was known as the gate of Khorasan to India, had a significant role in political events of Khorasan and India during this period. Hence, the main issue of the research is whether such these subjects indicate the historical continuity of the events of Great Khorasan and Indian subcontinent? Is the historical study of these two regions possible through this approach? In this research by considering political events relevant to these two regions in the first century to the first half of the seventh century AH and according to findings of this research, it is suggested that in Indology and Khorasan studies the common historical heritage of these two regions could be considered through a new approach.

Buyid dynasty used Deylam political and social conditions and Tabaristan inhabitants’ intellectual background to establish a new kingdom based on the spirit of warfare and anti-alien. Tabaristan historical geography has influenced the way Buyid dynasty used the idea of "Iranshahri" and "Farah izadi". The main question of the article is what effect did Tabaristan geography have on continuing Iranshahri thought and establishing Buyid dynasty kingdom. This research has used historical-analytical approach and content analysis method and historical sources assessment to recognize Tabaristan position in Iranshahri thought and explain its effects on the success of Buyids to reach the kingdom. It seems that due to Tabaristan background in the political and social system of ancient Iran and its special geographical conditions, people’s thought of this system which tangled with Iransshahri thought of ancient era even centuries after the fall of Sasanian, influenced the establishment of the Buyid dynasty kingdom. This study indicates that Tabaristan geography had made there a secure place to reside. Thus, its rulers had relative independence in the ancient era. This same spirit of independence-seeking and using the background of Iransshahri thought had led to the establishment of the Buyid kingdom with Iranian features after the fall of Sasanian.

Iranians cultural interaction with Indians has a long history. The proximity of Old Persian and Avestan language ​​to the Sanskrit language also goes back to these historical interactions. From the arrival of Islam to India until the end of the Gūrkāniyān government, about thirty-two Muslim dynasties governed in India. Most of these governments tried to spread the Persian language and literature. They developed two elements of Islam and the Persian language. The peak of flourishing of the Persian language in India was during Gūrkāniyān era when Persian became the official language of the court. The main issue of this research is to study Persian language and literature status and its effect on India during the Gūrkāniyān era. In this research which has done based on library studies and descriptive-analytical method, it was shown that Persian language and literature in addition to the development of Islam and Iranian culture, had influenced Indian dialects and languages, especially Urdu, and also on Indian economic issues in Gūrkāniyān era.

Iran and Egypt could consider as the main pioneers struggling against colonization in the Middle East and Islamic world in the first half of the twentieth century. Mohammad Mosaddegh and Jamal abd al_nasir, as pioneers of independence-seeking, by leading anti-colonization and liberal movements of their nation introduced a new form of struggle against colonization that eventually became an appropriate model for other leaders and colonized societies. Comparative comparison and considering the role and position of leaders of the two countries, paying attention to struggle method and their impact on each other, is the fundamental approach of the leading research, which is considered by historical comparison method using library resources. The present study seeks to answer the question of what was the most obvious difference and similarity between Dr Mohammad Mosaddegh and Jamal abd al_nasir encountering colonization? Research findings indicate that despite the difference in social and class origins of leaders of the two movements, i.e. Dr Mosaddegh with the parliamentary origin and Jamal abd al_nasir with the military origin, both had common goals and methods to struggle against colonization in the form of anti-alien nationalism, but to achieve this goal, they took different approaches dealing with the system of domination, as their policy at regional and international level has reflected in various forms such as Mossadeghchr('39')s negative balance and positive neutrality and Arabic unity of Nāṣir.

First Pahlavi period (1304-1320 SH) sought to modernize all pillars and components of the society. The endowment considered as one of the components of society and the most important sources of income for the clergy. Reza Khan tried to dominate the endowments by changing the mastery of endowments, changing the managing methods, supervision, exploitation and in some cases, seizing endowments. By the rise of the second Pahlavi period (1320-1357 SH), domination over the endowments pursued to a greater level and with more acceleration. Therefore, Pahlavi dynasty weakened the clergy financially, and in return, the clergy also resisted politically, culturally and socially against the Pahlavi dynasty. The main question of the study is what effect the Pahlavi dynasty domination over the endowments had on relationships of the clergy with the government? The present study by using historical method and library and documentary approach tries to show a comprehensive picture from the challenges between Pahlavi dynasty and the clergy in economy and transformation of endowment functions due to modernization by examining the dependent variable of endowments. The results of this study indicate that the increase of government domination over endowments, reduction of annual incomes of the seminaries and the loss of lands of some of the clergy during the land reform, caused relative economic deprivation and dissatisfaction of the clergy. This policy of Pahlavi and the economic bottleneck of the clergy made them take a stand against the Pahlavi dynasty. Eventually, it seems that the union of different groups of the clergy with other social forces has led to the formation of the Islamic revolution under the leadership of Imam Khomeini in Iran.